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AGRIPPA—AGUADO.
Berenice, and grandson of Herod the Great, was
educated at Rome. He lived there in a very
extravagant style, giving splendid entertainments,
especially to the princes of the imperial family,
and scattering his money lavishly in gifts to the
freedmen of the emperor, until his debts rendered
it unsafe for him to remain longer in the city. He
then took refuge in Idumea. From this period almost
to the death of Tiberius, he suffered a variety of
misfortunes, but having formed a friendship with
Caligula, the latter, on his accession to the throne,
gave him the tetrarchies of Abilene, Batanwa,
Trachonitis, and Auranitis. After the banishment
of Herod Antipas, he received his tetrarchy also
—namely, Galilee and Perea. Claudius, whom
A. helped to secure the possession of the empire,
added to his dominions Judaa and Samaria, and he
was thus the ruler of a more extensive territory
than even Herod the Great had been. His govern-
ment was mild towards the Jews, with whom
he was remarkably popular; but he severely
persecuted the Christians. He caused James, the
brother of John, and the head of the Church at
Jerusalem, to be beheaded, and Peter to be thrown
into prison. He died of a peculiarly loathsome
disease at Caesarea, in Palestine, while celebrating
games in honour of the emperor, in the 55th year
of his age, and the 44th of the Christian era. The
account given of this in the Acts of the Apostles,
substantially agrees with that of Josephus.
AGRIPPA, Hxrrop, II., son of Agrippa I, was
at Rome when his father died, and only 17 years of
age. Claudius, therefore, resolved to detain him for
some time, and in the meanwhile re-transformed
the kingdom into a Roman province, but presented
him with the little territory of Chalcis when his
uncle Herod, who was its ruler, died. In 53 A.D.,
he left Rome, and received from the emperor nearly
the whole of his paternal possessions, which were
subsequently enlarged by Nero. Like his father,
A. was fond of fine buildings, a taste which he
probably acquired by his long sojourn at Rome.
He spent great sums in adorning Jerusalem,
Berytus, and other cities; but he was not prudent
in the distribution of his favours, or just in his
treatment of the high-priests, so that he failed to
secure the good-will of the Jews. He did all in
his power, however, to dissuade them from rebelling
against the Romans; but when he found his advices
and warnings neglected, he abandoned his country-
men, and joined the imperial troops. When Jeru-
salem was taken, he went with his sister to live at
Rome, where he was made praetor, and where he died
in the 70th year of his age—the last of the Herods.
It was before him Paul made his memorable defence.
AGRIPPA, MaArcus Viesanivs (63—12 B.c.),
a Roman, who, though not of high birth, rose to an
exalted position through his own talents. He first
espoused Marcella, the niece, and then Julia, the
daughter of Octavius. He was eminent both in war
and in peace ; and ag a general, counsellor, and friend
of the emperor, did good service to him and to the
Roman state. As a general, he Iaid the foundation
for the sole dominion of Octavius, and commanded
his fieet in the battle of Actium (31 B.c.). He was
generous, upright, and a friend to the arts; Rome
owed to him the restoration and construction of
several aqueducts, and of the Pantheon, besides
other public works of ornament and utility.
AGRIPPI'NA.—I. The daughter of M. Vipsanius
Agrippa, by his wife Julia, was one of the most
heroic and virtuous women of antiquity. She
was married to Ceesar Germanicus (see GERMANI-
cus), whom she accompanied in all his campaigns.
She openly accused Tiberius before the senate
of having hired the murderers of her husband;
and the tyrant, who hated her for her virtues, and
the esteem in which she was held by the people,
banished her to the island of Pandataria, near
Naples, where she voluntarily died of hunger
(33 A.p.). The antiquarian museum at Dresden
possesses four excellent busts of her.—II. A very
different character was AGrIpPINA, the daughter of
the last mentioned, one of the most detestable
women that have lived. In her second widowhood,
she induced the Emperor Claudius, her own uncle,
to marry her, and espoused his daughter, though
already betrothed to another, to her son Nero. In
order to bring the latter to the throne, she ruined
many rich and noble Romans, excluded Britannicus,
the son of Claudius by Messalina, and finally
poisoned the emperor, her husband. She then
endeavoured to govern the empire through her son
Nero, who was chosen emperor ; but her ascendency
proving intolerable, Nero caused her to be put to
death (60 A.p».). She enlarged and adorned her
native city, Cologne, which received from her the
name of Colonia Agrippina.
AGTELEK, Cavern of (in Hungarian, Baradlo,
1. e., a suffocating place), one of the largest and most
remarkable stalactitic caverns of Europe, is situated
near the village of Agtelek, in the county of Gomor,
not far from the road from Pesth to Kaschau. It
opens at the foot of a mountain with an entrance
scarcely 3% feet high by 5 feet wide. It consists of
a labyrinth of caverns communicating with one
another, many of which it is difficult, and even
dangerous, to explore, when the streams that flow
through them are hich, Numerous stalactitic struc-
tures occur in all the caverns, which, from their
singular shapes, have given rise to the various names
of ‘the Great Church,” ‘the Mosaic Altar,’ ‘the
Image of the Virgin,’ &c. The largest and most
imposing of those caverns, situated about 200 paces
from the entrance, is called the Flower-Garden. It
is 96 feet high, 90 feet wide, and runs nearly 900
feet in a straight line.
AGUADO, ALEXANDER MARIA, Marquis de La
Marismas del Guadalquiver, one of the wealthiest
bankers of modern times, was born at Seville, 1784,
and died 14th April 1842. He was descended from
a Jewish family, and in his youth bore arms as a
soldier. During the Spanish war of independence,
he fought with distinction on the side of Joseph,
rose in the French army to the rank of colonel, and
acted as aide-de-camp to Marshal Soult, but retired
in 1815, and began a commission business at Paris.
In this he soon realised such wealth as enabled him
to found a bank. Good-fortune, energy, and bold-
ness, with a singular talent for concerting schemes,
advanced him in a short time to be one of the first
bankers in Paris. He also obtained a political repu-
tation by negotiating the Spanish loans of 1823, 1828,
1830, and 1831. In these operations, the Spanish
government frequently invested him with unlimited
powers, which he dexterously employed to save his
country from national bankruptcy. Ferdinand VIL
conferred on him the title of Marquis de Las
Marismas del Guadalquiver. His services were also
recompensed by privileges in mining and in execut-
ing public undertakings. All the Spanish bonds
issuing from his house received the name of 4 guados.
It was through A. that the Greek loan of 1834 was
effected. He was naturalised in France in 1828,
and at his death left a fortune of above 60 million
francs, of which he had invested part in landed pro-
perty ; the castle of Chéteau-Margaux, celebrated
for its wine, belonged to him. His distinguished
collection of pictures gave occasion to Gavard for
the publication of the Galeric 4. (Paris, 1837—1842),
89
