walks in the
L in England.
the fruit con-
a, q.v.). The
n odd leaflet,
s grows better
soils, and is
» even of the
ropagated by
> wood. is fine
making.
re appendages
the 13th ec.
ther, covered
and fastened
ometimes cir-
m, or lozenge
metimes they
and ; in other
ost instances,
side of the
these append-
rs in war; as
> followers of
r as armorial
but the first
are figured on
and stained
irches.
let about 10
shire, opposite
;' W. Rising
f 1098 feet, it
v considerable
ircumference,
, where the
rough beach.
as a mass of
nct columnar
those of the
‘th-west, per-
m 200 to 300
scends to the
ass and wild-
ragments of
ats, rabbits,
icular, breed
About 200
s, and on the
e the remaing
the Earl of
raised to the
mountains of
s of Jura and
les, falls into
e, is bounded
wnd Sadne-et-
itzerland and
it from Isere
separates it
nd Sadne-et-
yus ; but the
s to the west
u, abounding
fevers. This
ondissements
ux, and into
wn is Bourg,
hom we owe
n glass, was
he study of *
e royal por-
it was here
AINSWORTH—AIR-BEDS.
that he first succeeded in overcoming the technical
difficulties in the execution of glass-painting. A
separate institution was now established for the
art; and A., as inspector, succeeded in raising it
to a high degree of perfection. He is said to
have first conceived the happy thought of laying
coloured glass on coloured, instead of the process
hitherto followed, of laying coloured glass on white ;
thus giving the command of above 100 variously
coloured glasses, in all gradations of tint. He was
also the first, in conjunction with Wehrstorfer, to
execute pictures on glass, and thus revive the art of
miniature glass-painting. Nor was it only technical
improvements and inventions that he contributed to
the new art ; his artistic culture qualified him power-
fully to aid the regeneration of taste that has
accompanied it. The first work of the new institu-
tion was the restoration of the windows of the
cathedral of Ratisbon (1826—1833), to which A. con-
tributed the ornamentation, and painted several of
the figures. He made a like contribution to the
splendid windows of the church of Maria-Hilf (1833
—1838), in Munich. In the contribution of King
Ludwig of Bavaria to the cathedral of Cologne,
and the numerous other windows executed at
Munich for all parts of the world—England among
the rest—A. displayed the highest artistic faculty in
giving to the figures a rich setting of architectural
ornamentation, in such a way as to harmonise with
the style of the building.—A. has also acquired a
great reputation as an architectural painter in oil.
Among his pieces are St Mark’s Church, in Venice ;
the interior of St Stephen’s Church, Vienna; the
interior of Windsor Chapel, of Westminster Abbey,
and the Poets’ Corner.
AT'NSWORTH, RoBEerT, the author of a once
extensively used Latin Dictionary, was born at
Woodvale, near Manchester, in 1660. He was
educated at Bolton, and taught a school there for
some time, but afterwards went to London, where
he was engaged for many years in educational
pursuits. In 1714, he commenced his Dictionary
(Latin-English and English-Latin), which, however,
was not published until 1736. A. died near London
on the 4th of April 1743. He wrote also some
Latin poems, and a few treatises on various sub-
jects; but nothing keeps his memory alive except
the Dictionary, which itself is now fast passing
away into oblivion. The labour expended on such
a production was indeed highly honourable to the
author, but the work has no claim to the character
of an accurate or philosophical lexicon, and, in spite
of the numerous emendations it has received, it
remains essentially what it was at first. It has been
superseded by Riddell’s, and more recently by
Smith’s, Andrews’s, and other Lexicons.
AINSWORTH, Wirrtam Fraxcis, an English
physician, geologist, and traveller, a relation of the
foregoing, was born at Exeter, 1807. He studied
medicine at Edinburgh, and, after receiving (1827)
his medical diploma, he travelled in France, and
prosecuted geological investigations in the Auvergne
and Pyrenean mountains. Returning to Edinburgh
in 1828, he conducted the publication of the Jowrnal
of Natural and Geographical Science, and delivered
lectures on geology. In 1835, he was attached as
physician and geologist to the Euphrates expedition
under Colonel Chesney, at the recommendation of
Colonel Sabine, and returned home in 1837 through
Kurdistan, the Taurus, and Asia Minor. In the
following year, he went again to Asia Minor, being
sent with Rassam and Russell by the Geographical
Society, and the Society for the Diffusion of Chris-
tian Knowledge. The objects were chiefly to explore
the course of the Halys, and to visit the Christians
in Kurdistan. On his return (1841), he gave the
result of his inquiries and observations in two
works—Researches in Assyria, and Travels and
Researches in Asia, Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea,
and Armenia (London, 1842). He has published
also 7'he Claims of the Christian Aborigines in the
Hast, and T'ravels in the Track of the 10,000 Greeks
(London, 1844). In 1854 he edited Xenophon’s
Anabasis and Memoralilia in Bohn’s ¢ Classical
Library.’
AINSWORTH, Winriam HARRISON, a well-
known writer of fiction, was born Feb. 1805, at
Manchester, where his father was a solicitor. His
creative fancy began early to shew itself in ballads
and tales, which appeared in the local newspapers,
and in contributions to the London Magazine and
other periodicals. Being destined to succeed his
father, he entered a writer’s office ; but after a while
he forsook law for literature, and at first began a
publishing business in London, which, however, he
soon gave up in disappointment. He had previously
published his first novel, Sur John Chiverton (1825).
After spending some time on the continent, he
returned to England, and wrote Rookwood (1834),
which was favourably received. It was followed by
Orichton (1837) and Jack Sheppard (1839). These
works deal largely in the startling and horrible,
after the manner of Mrs Radecliffe ; and have been
considered to exercise a hurtful influence on the
young. A. edited for a time Bentley’s Miscellany,
and in 1842 began his own Ainsworth’s Magazine ;
in 1845 he acquired also the New Monthly Magazine
from Colburn. In these periodicals, and in the
Sunday Tiimes, have appeared a somewhat more
wholesome and creditable class of novels, such as
Guy Fawkes, The Tower of London, Old Saint
Paul’'s, Windsor Castle, &e.
AIR, or ASBEN, a kingdom of Central Africa,
extending from about 17° to 19 N. lat., and from 8’
to 9° E. long. Agades (q.v.) is the capital, and
residence of the sultan, but his power is in a large
measure merely nominal. The country contains
various towns and villages, and is principally
inhabited by three large tribes—the Kel-owi, the
Kel-geres, and Itisan, each of which has numerous
subdivisions. There are, besides, the Kel-n-Negarru,
the Imghad, &c. The word kel means °people,’
but specially denotes seftled people, in opposition to
nomads. Thus, Kel-owi is people settled in the
valley of Owi. Many of the tribes and families live
not in fixed dwellings, but movable tents made of
mats. The valleys of A. are naturally rich, but
they are poorly cultivated. TFood and clothing are
both imported. The population, which is very con-
siderable, could not be sustained, were it not for the
salt-trade of Bilma, a town lying to the east of
A., in the Tebu country. Although the valleys
of A. are in the region of the tropics, the climate is
comparatively temperate. See Barth’s "7'ravels in
Central Africa, vol. i.
AIR is the name given to that compound of gases
constituting the substance of our atmosphere. For-
merly, all aériform fluids were called ¢airs,” but in
this sense the word gas is now used. The chief
properties of air, and the phenomena they give
rise to, will be found treated under Atmosphere,
Aégrodynamics, Agrostatics, Air-pump, Barometer,
Balloon, &ec.
AIR, in Music. See ARIA.
AIR-BEDS and AIR-CUSHIONS. Air-beds
were known as early as the beginning of the 18th c.,
but being made of leather, were expensive. It was
only after the invention of air-tight or Macintosh
cloth that it became possible to use air in this way
at a moderate cost. An air-bed consists of a sack in
93
vy
T
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