ANATOMY—-ANAXAGORAS.
old works by Vasal (1543), Eustachius (1714), Bidloo
(1685), Albin (1747), Haller (1743—1756), and Vieq
d’Azyr (1786—1790), may be mentioned. The
present century has supplied works of first-rate
excellence by Caldani (Venice, 1801—1814), Mas-
cagni (Pisa, 1823), Langenbeck (Gottingen, 1826),
Bourgery and Jacob (Paris, 1832), and - Arnold
(Zurich, 1838). For general use, we may commend
the plates of Loder (VVemnr 1803), Cloquet (Paris,
1826), Osterreicher (Munich, 1827—1830), Weber
(Diisseldorf, 1830), Bock (Leipsic, 1840), and D’Alton
(Leipsic, 1848): in Surgical A., the works by
Rosenmiiller (Weimar, 180-)) Pirogoff (Dorp. 1840),
and Giinther (Hamburg, 1844) : in Pathological A.,
Meckel (Leipsic, 1817—1826), Cruveilhier (Paris,
1828—1841), Froriep (Weimar, 1828), Albers (Bonn,
1832), Gluge (Jena, 10'}.3—*1850) and Vogel (Leipsie,
1843): in bommmm e A., Carus (Leipsic, 1826) and
Wagner (Lelpsm, 18 4]1). Among Inglish works
may be mentioned those by Lizars, Jones, and
Richard Quain, in Special A.; by Morton and
Maclise, in Surgical A. ; and by Baillie and Bright
in Pat aolomcwl A.
A’NATO)IY (in Law). While the study and
practice of A., or the art of dissecting the human
body, were necessary to the pursuit of surgical
knowledge, there were, until the year 180.., no
sufficient legal means in Britain of procuring dead
bodies for anatomical purposes; and the conse-
quence was, the evasion, and sometimes even the
open violation of the law by persons interested
in supplying the surgical profession with subJecis
for dissection. The hlflh prices, indeed, given for
these subjects, may almost be said to have created
a lucrative and tempting trade, which led to the
most atrocious crimes; and murdf‘rm, with no other
object than the 1)055@531011 of the victim’s body for
the surgeon’s knife, were frequently committed. The
notorious case of Burke, tried and convicted before
the High Court of Justiciary in Edinburgh, in 1828,
is a horrible illustration of the state of the law at
that time, and of the position in which it placed
surgical practitioners. It was believed t’!nf Burke
and his associate Hare had been the murderers of
sixteen persons, whose bodies they sold to the
anatomists. It was their practice to inveigle poor
people, generally strangers, into their houses, make
them drunk, and then smother them. Burke,
informed zwunst by Hare, was condemned for
thus dwpmmg of an old woman, and suffered the
last penalty of the law, bequeathing a new verb,
to burke, to the English language. To remedy this
state of things, an act of parliament was passed
on the 1st of August 1832, 2d and 3d William
IV. c. 75, the plcam]ne of which, sufficiently
disclosing its necessity, is as follows: ¢ Whereas
a knowledge of the causes and nature of sundry |S
diseases which affect the body, and of the best
methods of treating and curing such di*Cd\E‘:b, and of
healing and repairing divers wounds and injuries to
which the human frame is liable, cannot be acquired
without the aid of anatomical examination: and
whereas the legal supply of human bodies for such
anatomical examination is insufficient fully to pro-
vide the means of such knowledge: and whereas,
in order further to supply human bodies for such
purposes, divers great and grievous crimes have been
committed, and, lately, murder, for the single object
of selling for such purposes the "bodies of the persons
so murdered : and whereas, therefore, it is highly
expedient to give protection, under certain regula-
tions, to the study and practice of A., and to pre-
vent, as far as may be, such great and grievous
crimes and murder as aforesaid’—It -is the
enacted, that the Secretary of State for the Home
Department in Great Britain, and the Chief Secretary
refore
in Ireland, may grant a licence to practise A. to any
fellow or member of any college of physicians or
surgeons, or tg any graduate or licentiate in medicine,
or to a any person lav *fully qualified to practise medi-
cine in any part of the United Kingdom, or to any
professor or teacher of A., medicine, or surgery, or to
any student attending any school of A., on the appli-
cation of such p‘uty for such purpose, countersigned
by two justices of the peace acting for the county
city, borough, or place where such party resides,
certifying that, to their knowledge or belief, such
party so upplymo is about to carry on the practice
of A. The act provides for the appointment of
inspectors of schools of A., and directs them to make
a quarterly return to the Secretary of State, or the
Chief Secretary, as the case may be, of subjects
removed for anatomical examination to every place
in the inspector’s district where A. iy carried on,
distinguishing the sex, and, as far as is known at the
trmu, the name and age of each persoa whose body
was so removed. The inspect bors are further required
to visit and inspect places within their respective
districts where A. is practised ; and for the perform-
ance of all these duties, the inspectors are each "no
have an annual salary not exceeding £100, with
further reasonable sum for their official expenses.
By section 7, it is enacted that it shall be lawful for
any executor or other party having lawful possession
of the body of any deceased person, and not being an
undertaker or other party intrusted with the bod v
for the purpose only of interment, to permit the
body of such deceased person to undergo anatomical
examination, unless, to the knowledge of such exe-
cutor or other party, such person shall have expressed
his desire, either in writing, at any time during his
life, or vevmlly in the presence of two or more wit-
nesses, during the illness whereof he died, that his
body, after dea vth, might not undergo such examina-
tion ; or unless the survivi 1'* husband or wife, or
any known 1‘“1u1ve of the deceased person, shall
require the body to be mten‘ml without such exam-
Ination : while, b k‘f section 8, it is declared that the
wishes of persons who had expressed a desire that
their bodies should be su‘njec"wd to anatomical ex: -
ination shall be respected, unless the deceased person’s
svrv‘vi ng husband or wife, or nbm‘cst known relative,
r any one or more of such person’s nearest known
1'0L1m'e> being of kin in the same degree, shall
require the body to be interred without such exam-
ination. Bodies are not to be removed for examina-
tion until forty-eight hours after death, and without
a certificate by the medical attendant, stating, accord-
ing to the best of his knowledge or bcusf, the manner
or cause of death. The act contains a number of
provisions intended to secure its sufficient adminis-
tration ; but, by section 15, it is provided that it
shall not extend to or 1)101111)11; any post-mortem
examination of any human body required or directed
to be made by any competent Ioml authority 5 and
it repeals an enactment in a previous statute, 9
George IV. c. 31, which directed the bodies of
murderers after execution to be dissected.
This act of parliament is understood to have met
the evil it was designed to obviate ; and under it the
supply of bodies of 1 persons dying n‘wn(floss, in poor-
houses, hospitals, and elsewhere, is stated to have
provul sufficient for the wants of the profession.
ANAXA'GORAS, one of the most eminent philos-
ophers of the Ionic school, was born at Clazomenz,
in 1 omw, 500 B.c. He belonged to a wealthy
and distinguished family, which circumstance may
l:we enabled him to devote himself exclusively to
intellectual pursuits. Yet he does not seem to have
e 41101““(1 int bo iu" possession of his property, but left
it to his relations. When only twenty years of age,
he went to Athens. where, in the course of time, ‘he
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