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ANAXIMANDER—ANCELOT. 
  
  
acquired a high reputation, and ha_d seveml_ i.llus- 
trious pupils, among whom were Pericles, Euripides, 
Socrates, and Archelaus. But at last, being accused 
of impiety towards the gods, he was condemned to 
death. His sentence, however, was commuted into 
banishment for life, through the eloquence of Pericles. 
He withdrew to Lampsacus on the Hellespont, 
where he died in the 73d year of his age. The 
old man was accustomed to say proudly, in his 
exile: ¢ It is not I who have lost the Athenians, but 
the Athenians who have lost me” When on his 
death-bed, the magistrates of the town asked what 
funeral honours he desired; ¢ Give the boys a holi- 
day,” was the quaint reply of the sage; and for seve- 
ral centuries the day of his death was commemorated 
in all the schools of Lampsacus. 
It is not easy to ascertain what were the opinions 
of A. in philosophy. Fragments merely of his works 
have been preserved, and even these are sometimes 
contradictory. Of one thing we are certain, that he 
had a deeper knowledge of physical laws than any of 
his predecessors or contemporaries. The absurdities 
of opinion which are attributed to him are no proof 
of the contrary, for, in his time, any attempt to 
explain even a moderate number of the phenomena 
of nature was sure to be attended with what every- 
body now sees to be extravagant fictions. He 
believed the heavens to be a solid vault; the stars 
to be stones thrown up from the earth by some 
violent convulsion, and set on fire by the ether 
which ever burns in the upper regions of the 
universe; the milky-way to be the shadow of the 
earth; that the soul had an agrial body; that the 
sun was a burning mass of stone, larger than the 
Peloponnesus. But he also-arrived at some tolerably 
accurate conclusions regarding the cause of the 
moon’s light, of the rainbow, of wind, and of sound. 
His great contribution to ancient philosophy, how- 
ever, was his doctrine as to the origin of all things. 
He held that all matter existed originally in the 
condition of atoms; that these atoms, infinitely 
numerous, and infinitely divisible, had existed from 
all eternity, and that order was first produced out of 
this infinite chaos of minutiee through the influence 
and operation of an eternal intelligence (Gr. nous). 
He also maintained that all bodies were simply 
aggregations of these atoms, and that a bar of gold, 
or iron, or copper, was composed of inconceivably 
minute particles of the same material; but he did 
not allow that objects had taken their shape through 
accident or blind fate, but through the agency 
of this ¢ shaping spirit’ or Nous, which he described 
as infinite, self-potent, and unmixed with anything 
else. ‘Nous,” he again says, ‘is the most pure and 
subtle of all things, and has all knowledge about 
all things, and infinite power.” A.’s theory is thus 
only one step from pure theism. He makes the 
work of the Hternal commence with providence, not 
with creation. 
The fragments of A. have been collected by 
Schaubach (Leipsic, 1827), and by Schorn (Bonn, 
1829). 
ANAXIMA'NDER, a Greek mathematician and 
philosopher, the son of Praxiades, and the disciple 
and friend of Thales, was born at Miletus 610 
B.C., and died in 546. His principal study was 
mathematics. He is said to have discovered the 
obliquity of the ecliptic, and certainly taught it. He 
appears to have applied the gnomon, or style set on 
a h‘orizontal plane, to determine the solstices and 
equinoxes. The invention of geographical maps is 
also ascribed to him. As a philosopher, he specu- 
lated on the origin (arche) of the phenomenal 
world, and this principle he held to be the infinite 
or indeterminate (fo apeiron). This indeterminate 
principle of A.is generally supposed to have been 
  
much the same with the chaos of other philosophers. 
From it he conceived all opposites, such as hot and 
cold, dry and moist, to proceed through a perpetual 
motion, and to return to it again. Of the manner 
in which he imagined these opposites to be formed, 
and of his hypothesis concerning the formation of 
the heavenly bodies from them, we have no accurate 
information. It would seem, however, that he did not 
believe in the generation of anything in the proper 
sense of the word, but supposed that the infinite atoms 
or units of which the arche, or primary matter, is 
composed, merely change their relative positions in 
obedience to a moving power residing in it. Some 
of his particular opinions were, that the sun is in the 
highest region of the heavens, is in circumference 
twenty-eight times greater than the earth, and 
resembles a cylinder from which flow continual 
streams of fire; that eclipses are caused by the 
stopping of the openings from which the fire flows; 
that the moon is also a cylinder, nineteen times 
greater than the earth ; and that the moon’s phases 
are caused by obliquity of position, and eclipses by 
complete turning round. He taught that the earth 
is of the form of a cylinder, and that it floats in the 
midst of the universe, that it was formed by the 
drying up of moisture by the sun, and that animals 
are produced from moisture. 
ANAXT'MENES, a Greek philosopher, born at 
Miletus, flourished about 556 B.c. He held air to 
be the first cause of all things, or the primary form 
of matter, from which all things are formed by 
compression. 
A'NBURY, a disease to which turnips are Liable, 
and which often proves of serious importance to 
farmers, destroying the crop of entire fields. It is 
sometimes called Club-root, because of the knobs or 
tubercular excrescences which form upon the root. 
The root, instead of swelling into one turnip of good 
size, generally becomes divided into a number of 
parts, each in some small degree swelling separately 
by itself; whence the popular name, [Mingers and 
T'oes. 'The growth of the plant is arrested ; the root 
becomes woody ; the excrescences rot, and emit most 
offensive effluvia, which, however, appear peculiarly 
attractive to insects of various kinds; and, accord- 
ingly, eggs and maggots in abundance are soon to be 
found in them. It has been very generally supposed 
that these insects, or some of them, are the cause of 
the disease; but the truth seems rather to be that 
they are attracted by the diseased state of the plant. 
A. has been erroneously confounded with the excres- 
cences, each containing a small grub, which are fre- 
quent on the roots of turnips, as on those of cabbages, 
and many other cruciferous plants, although these 
also sometimes effect the destruction of the plant. 
The true nature and cause of the disease are not yeb 
well known. Much attention has been devoted to 
the subject ; and premiums have been offered in con- 
nection with it by the Highland and Agricultural 
Society of Scotland ; but hitherto, without eliciting 
any certain or satisfactory information. It appears 
probable that the disease is in some measure owing 
to peculiarities of soil, or of manure, and to the too 
frequent repetition of turnip-crops upon the same 
field. A much greater frequency of repetition, how- 
ever, can be safely practised in some districts, or in 
some fields, than in others. The liberal application 
of lime has been found advantageous as a preventive 
of A.; but even this often succeeds but imperfectly ; 
and the increasing prevalence of this disease in 
certain districts seems not unlikely to necessitate a 
considerable modification in the system of husbandry, 
in which the turnip-crop has long occupied so 
important a place. See TURNIP. 
ANCELOT, JACQUES - ARSENE - POLYCARPE- 
231