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ANCRE—ANDALUSIA.
important place in the States of the Church. Corn, and
woollen and silk goods, oils, cordage, bacon, fruits,
&ec., are the chief exports. A mole of 2000 feet. in
length, built by the Emperor Trajan, and a triumphal
arch of the same emperor, are the most notable monu-
ments of antiquity. There are some fine public
buildings. One of the most venerable of these is the
cathedral of St Cyriac, built in the 10th c., and pos-
sessing the oldest cupula in Ttaly. But the houses
are in general mean, and the streets narrow. A. is
supposed to have been founded by Syracusans who
had fled from the tyranny of Dionysius the Elder.
It was destroyed by the Goths, rebuilt by Narses,
and again destroyed by the Saracens in the 10th c.
It afterwards became a republic ; but in 1532, Pope
Clement VII. annexed it to the States of the
Church. In 1798, it was taken by the French ; but
in 1799, General Meunier was obliged to surrender
it to the Russians and Austrians, after a long and
gallant defence. Since 1815, the citadel has been
the only fortification. When the Austrian troops in
1831 occupied the Roman frontiers, whose inhabit-
ants were then in a state of insurrection, the French
ministry determined to neutralise the influence of
Austria. A French squadron appeared before the
harbour, and landed 1500 men, who took possession
of the town on the 22d February 1832 without any
resistance, the citadel capitulating on the 25th. It
remained in their hands till 1838, when both French
and Austrians retired from the Papal States. In
1849, a revolutionary garrison in A. capitulated after
enduring a siege by the Austrians of twenty-five
days.
ANCRE, Concino Concini, BARON DE LussieNy,
MARSHAL D', a Florentine by birth, who came to the
French court in the year 1600, with Maria de’ Medici,
the wife of Henry IV., and along with his wife,
Eleonora Galigai, exercised an unhappy influence in
promoting the disagreement between the king and
queen. When, after Henry’s death, the queen became
regent, Concini, as her favourite, obtained possession
of the reins of government; and in 1613, was made
a marshal and prime minister. He purchased
the marquisate of Ancre in Picardy, and took his
title from it. He became an object of detestation
equally to the nobility and the people. A con-
spiracy was formed against him, to which the young
king Louis XIIT. was himself privy—Luynes (q. v.),
the king’s worthless favourite, being one of the
conspirators—and he was assassinated in the Louvre
in open day, on the 24th of April 1617. His body
was privately buried, but was soon disinterred by
the populace, dragged through Paris, and burned
before the statue of Henry IV. His wife was soon
afterwards accused of witcheraft, which she sarcas-
tically repudiated, saying that the only sorcery she
had employed to influence the queen was ¢ the power
of a strong mind over a weak one.’ The sneer, how-
ever, did not save her, She was executed, and her
son, deprived of rank and property, was driven from
the country.
ANCUS MA'RCIUS, son of Pompilia, daughter
of King Numa Pompilius, was the fourth king of
Rome. Following the example of his grandsire,
Numa, he endeavoured to restore the almost forgotten
worship of the gods and the cultivation of the arts of
peace among the Romans. But, despite his inclina-
tion for peace, he was engaged in several wars with
the neighbouring Latin tribes, whom he subdued
and reduced to order. These Latins, Niebuhr con-
siders to have formed the original plebs. Against the
Etruscans, he fortified the Janiculum, connected it
with Rome by a wooden bridge, and gained posses-
sion of both banks of the Tiber, as far as its mouth,
where he founded Ostia as the port of Rome; he
dug what was called ¢ the Ditch of the Quirites’—a
defence for the open space between the Calian Hill
and Mount Palatine; and built the first Roman
prison of which we read, a proof that civilisation had
really commenced, inasmuch as offences then for-
mally ceased to be regarded as private and personal
matters, and were treated as crimes against the
community. He died in 614 B.c., after reigning
twenty-four years.
ANCYRA. See ANGORA.
A'NDA, a genus of plants of the natural order
Huphorbiacee, the only known species of which,
A. Brasiliensis, is a Brazilian tree, with large yellow
flowers, and an angular fruit about the size of an
orange, containing two roundish seeds, like small
chestnuts. The seeds are called in Brazil Purga dos
Paulistas, are much used medicinally in that country,
and are more purgative than those of the castor-oil
plant. This quality seems to depend upon a valuable
fixed oil, of which twenty drops are a moderate dose.
It is obtained by pressure. The bark of the tree,
roasted in the fire, is accounted in Brazil a certain
remedy for diarrhcea, brought on by cold. The
ffiresh bark, thrown into ponds, is said to stupify
sh.
ANDALU'SIA or ANDALUCIA, a large and
fertile province or kingdom in the south of Spain,
lying between 36° 2’ and 38° 39’ N. lat., and 1° 3§
and 7° 20" W. long. Having been overrun by
the Vandals, it is supposed by some that they
gave it the name of Vandalucia or Andalucia;
but the real origin of the name is probably
Andalosh, the Land of the West. It is the
Tarshish of the Bible, and was called Tartessus in
ancient geography. The Romans named it Betica,
from the river Beetis (the modern Guadalquivir).
The Moors founded here a splendid monarchy,
which quickly attained a high degree of civilisation.
Learning, art, and chivalry flourished in harmony
with industry and commerce. The four great Moorish
capitals were Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and Granada.
During the darkness of the middle ages, Cordova
was ¢ the Athens of the west, the seat of arts and
sciences ;’ and later still, under the Spaniards,
when ¢ the sun of Raphael set in Italy, painting here
arose in a new form in the Velasquez, Murillo, and
Cano school of Seville, the finest in the peninsula.’
On the north, A. is divided from Estremadura and
New Castile by the mountain-chains of Aroche,
Cordova, and Morena. On the east it is bounded by
Murcia, and on the west by Portugal and the
Atlantic. The south coast eastward from Gibraltar
is mountainous ; the west, where the Guadalquivir
flows into the Atlantic, is level. A. was esteemed
the richest district of Hesperia, and its former
wealth of produce has been indicated by such
names as the ‘garden,” the ‘granary,’ the °wine-
cellar, and. the ¢ gold-purse’ of Spain. But, in
the present day, such predicates are merited only
by comparatively small portions of the hilly country
on both sides of the Guadalquivir, where, even
with careless cultivation, the soil is luxuriantly
productive. Here wheat and maize ripen in April,
and yield abundantly. Olives and oranges attain
their greatest height, and vegetation generally
assumes a tropical character. Cotton, sugar-cane,
Indian figs, and batatas flourish in the open air,
and the cactus and aloe form impenetrable hedges.
Wine and oil abound. The botany and mineralogy
of A.are very rich. The ranges of the Sierra Nevada
are composed principally of primary and secondary
formations. In the west, towards Xenil, cultivation is
more sparing, as there is a natural deficiency of
water, and the artificial means of irrigation formerly
employed have fallen into disuse. Nearer 2’?5) the
