ANDRE—ANDREA. 
  
the Institute his 7raité Elémentaire de Pathologie et 
de Thérapeutique Générale (published in 1840), &e. 
A'NDRE, JouN, an unfortunate soldier who met 
| his death under circumstances which have given his 
name a place in history, was born in London in 
1751 of Genevese parents. At the age of twenty, he 
entered the army, and soon after joined the British 
forces in America, where, in a few years, through the 
favour of Sir Henry Clinton, he was promoted to 
the important post of adjutant-general, with the rank 
of major. 
Sir Henry Clinton being in treaty with the 
American general Arnold, who commanded the 
fortress of West Point, for the betrayal to the 
British of the fortress with its magazines, including 
the whole stock of powder of the American army, 
confided the conduct of the correspondence on his 
| part to Major A. The secret correspondence was 
. conducted by Arnold and A. under assumed names, 
and as if it related to commercial affairs ; and the 
| treachery was so well concealed, that the Americans 
| had no suspicion whatever of Arnold’s fidelity. At 
last it remained only to settle the time and means of 
carrying the scheme into execution ; and these it was 
determined should be settled in a personal interview 
between Arnold and A., either because Arnold 
required such an interview, or, more probably, 
because Clinton had some misgivings as to the 
| identity of his correspondent. Various projects to 
| bring about the interview having failed, A., at last, 
on the 20th September 1780, proceeded in a British 
| sloop of war—the Vwlture—up the Hudson nearly 
  
to the American lines. The original design was to 
have met under cover of a flag of truce, on the pre- 
tence of effecting some arrangement as to the seques- 
trated property of a Colonel Robinson, a loyalist 
gentleman who accompanied A., and whose house 
was at the time Arnold’s head-quarters; but this 
design had to be abandoned, and Arnold was obliged 
to contrive a secret interview. On the night of the 
21st September he prevailed on a Mr Smith, who 
lived within the American lines, to go to the Vulture 
with a packet for Colonel Robinson. Smith went, 
and returned with A., who passed under the assumed 
name of Anderson. Arnold met him on the shore, 
where they conferred some time, after which they 
went within the lines to Smith’s house, and there 
spent the rest of the night and part of the next day 
arranging the details of their plan for the treacherous 
surprisal of West Point. The attack was fixed for 
the day when the return of General Washington 
was expected ; and there is reason for thinking that 
art of Arnold’s scheme was, if possible, to betray 
Washington also into the hands of the enemy. 
Early on the morning of the 22d September, a gun 
was brought to bear on the Vulture, and obliged her 
to fall down the river so far that A. could not 
prevail on the boatmen to take him to her, and so 
was forced to make his way by land to the English 
lines in a disguise furnished by Smith, and provided 
with a pass from the general. A. actually got 
safely within sicht of the English lines, when he 
was stopped and taken prisoner by three American 
militia-men, to whom, mistaking them for British, 
he inadvertently revealed the fact that he was a 
British officer. His captors, on searching him, 
having discovered concealed in his stockings the 
plans of West Point and other papers connected 
with the proposed treachery, which he was bearing 
from Arnold to Clinton, carried him as a spy to a 
Colonel Jamieson, who, not suspecting anything, 
was for sending him on to Arnold. Here a chance 
of escape opened for him, but only for a moment. 
He was ultimately sent, with the papers found on 
his person, to General Washington. Jamieson, mean- 
time, having sent word to Arnold of the capture 
0 
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of A., Arnold fled to the Vulture, and so saved his 
life. 
A., as a spy taken in the act, was liable, according 
to the rules of war, to be hanged at once. Bub 
considering the rank of the prisoner, and the circum- 
stances, Washington resolved on referring the case 
to a Board of general officers, to report the facts, 
with their opinion of the light in which the prisoner 
ought to be considered, and the punishment that 
ought to be inflicted. The Board found that he 
ought to be considered as a spy from the enemy, 
and punished with death. Strenuous efforts were 
made by the British commander to save him. It 
was represented to Washington that A. could not 
be regarded as a spy, because—l. He entered the 
American lines under a flag of truce; 2. That all 
his movements within the lines were directed by the 
general. The first plea, on A’s own authority, 
vas contrary to the fact; and to the Americans it 
rightly appeared that the point of the offence lay in 
the communication with the base traitor Arnold. 
All the efforts of Clinton failed to move th 
American commander. A. was sentenced to death. 
On one condition only would Washington spare 
him—that the British should surrender Arnold. 
But this they could not think of doing; the sense of 
honour which, yielding to the spirit of war, offered 
no opposition to a bargain with Arnold for the blood 
and liberties of his compatriots, made it impossible 
to deliver up the runaway traitor to the death that 
otherwise awaited the soldier who only went too far 
in his.zeal for his country. 
A. suffered death by hanging at Tappan, in the 
state of New York, on the 2d October 1780, in his 
29th year. His death everywhere excited the deepest 
sympathy. The whole British army went into 
mourning for him; a monument was erected to his 
memory in Westminster Abbey, and in 1821 his 
remains were disinterred at Tappan, and conveyed 
to a grave near his monument. 
Much has been written on the subject of A.s 
execution. It has often been maintained, and 
recently by Lord Mahon, in his History of England 
(vol. vii.), that his sentence was unjust. But a 
simple narrative of the circumstances, even as they 
are to be gathered from Lord Mahon’s own pages, 
shews that the American general had no alter- 
native. Indeed, the circumstances cited to shew that 
A. was not a spy, in the ordinary sense, all go to 
prove that he was a spy of the worst sort. The 
success of the treachery of Arnold would have been 
the destruction of the American cause; and it i 
hard to see how the agent who went secretly within 
the American lines, and was captured returning in 
disguise with the information that was to insure 
that success, is to be held in a better case than the 
common soldier who steals his way into the enemy’s 
camp of a night, to see the extent of his preparations 
and forces. 
A. was a handsome and amiable man, of consider- 
able accomplishments; he was a good artist, and 
appears, when in England, to have been known to 
certain literary circles of his time. These circum- 
stances naturally heightened the feeling with which 
his fate was regarded. 
See Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the 
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, vol. ii. ; also, in vol. 
vi. of the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Penn- 
sylvania, 1858, The Case of Major A., with a Review 
of the Statement of i in Lord Mahon's History of 
England, by Charles J. Biddle—an essay containing 
a full narrative of the case, with a discussion of all 
the questions of law and duty raised in connection 
with it. 
ANDREZ, Jomu. VALENT., avery original thinker 
and writer, born at Herrenberg, near Tiibingen, on 
  
  
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