EN A. (4. 
-a biennial 
ed to ripen 
  
VN 
g 
, spherical 
The fruit 
long and 
rith thick 
lant, and 
, contain- 
3 root is 
aromatic 
ailments, 
  
  
ANGER—ANGERS. 
  
  
very little 
18 some- 
rated for 
elery now 
long been 
talks and 
however, 
and an 
eeds are 
¢ bitters.’ 
in, but is 
even in 
not only 
2d in hot 
disorders. 
» used by 
pe to kill 
of North 
ANGELO. 
ish and 
ts, repre- 
. Divine 
plete and 
,of . the 
ints, has 
yeen held 
the high 
  
   
  
  
origin of the latter, are distinct ; only Dionysius 
Areopagita (q. v.) and a few modern speculators 
have maintained the contrary. Dionysius, in his 
Hierarchia Celestis, divides A. into nine orders. 
Whether there are not spirits superior both to men 
and A., has been a disputed point. As to the 
pumber of A. and their names, the Church in the 
middle ages repeatedly checked the tendency to go 
beyond the usually received accounts; a Romish 
council, in 745 A. D., mentions with reprobation the 
use of the unwonted names of Uriel, Raguel, Simiel, 
&c. The names that have all along been in most 
common use are Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael. 
The creation of the A. was placed, by the Platon- 
ising Church-fathers, before that of the material 
world ; others assigned it to some one of the six 
days. ~Equally various were the opinions as to the 
nature of the A. The second synod of Nice (787) 
assigned them a subtle, ethereal, or firelike body ; 
the scholastics, on the other hand, and the Lateran 
Council of 1215, maintained their immateriality ; 
while others, owing to the appearing of A., mentioned 
m Scripture, attributed to them the power of 
assuming momentarily the corporeal form. The 
poet Nonnus (lived in Egypt in the 5th c.) is the 
first to speak of angels’ wings. 
The belief in guardian A. was common both to 
heathens and Jews, and had been reduced to system 
by Philo; and the doctrine was adopted in the 
Christian Church, and defended by Origen and others, 
founding on Matthew xviil. 10, and Acts xii. 15. 
It has been cherished by many in all ages and of 
all parties, but has never been decided on by the 
Church. Some of the fathers also spoke of good and 
bad guardian-angels, the former of whom were 
always ready to prompt to good actions, and to 
avert evil, while the latter were equally quick in 
bringing about mischief, wickedness, and calamity. 
From the belief in the guardianship of A., and 
their participation in the government of the world, 
arose naturally the early practice of invoking 
and worshipping them. Many Christian teachers 
condemned it, appealing to Colos. ii. 18; and the 
Council of Laodicea, 300, called it disguised idolatry. 
But after the Council of Nice had conceded that 
though A. were not to receive divine worship, they 
might receive a reverential obeisance, the practice 
mentioned became more and more rooted, and 
continues in the Greek and Roman Catholic Churches 
to this day. 
A'NGER is displeasure or vexation accompanied 
by a passionate desire to break out in acts or words 
of violence against the cause of the displeasure; 
which must, of course, be a sentient being capable 
of feeling the infliction. Like most other emotions, 
it is accompanied by effects on the body, and in this 
case they are of a very marked kind. The arterial 
blood-vessels are highly excited; the pulse, during 
the paroxysm, is strong and hard, the face becomes 
red and swollen, the brow wrinkled, the eyes pro- 
trude, the whole body is put into commotion. The 
secretion of bile is excessive, and it seems to assume 
a morbid consistency. In cases of violent passion, 
and especially in nervous persons, this excitement 
of the organs soon passes to the other extreme of 
depression ; generally, this does not take place till 
the A. has subsided, when there follows a period 
of general relaxation. The original tendency to A. 
differs much in individualsaccording to temperament ; 
but frequent giving way to it begets a habit, and 
increases the natural tendency. 
From the nature of A., it is easy to see that it 
must be—often at least—prejudicial to health. It 
frequently gives rise to bile-fever, inflammation of 
the liver, heart, or brain, or even to mania. These 
effects follow immediately a fit of the passion ; other 
  
evil effects come on, after a time, as the consequence 
of repeated paroxysms—such as paralysis, jaundice, 
consumption, and nervous fever. The milk of a 
mother or nurse in a fit of passion will cause con- 
vulsions in the child that sucks; it has been known 
even to occasion instant death, like a strong poison. 
The controlling of A. is a part of moral discipline. 
In a rudimentary state of society, its active exercise 
would seem to be a necessity; by imposing some 
restraint on the selfish aggressions of one individual 
upon another, it renders the beginnings of social 
co-operation and intercourse possible. This is its 
use, or, as it is sometimes called, its final cause. Bub 
the more social intercourse comes to be regulated by 
customs and laws, the less need is there for the 
vindictive expression of A. It seems an error, 
however, to suppose that the emotion ever will be— 
or that it ought to be—extirpated. Laws themselves 
lose their efficacy when they have not this feeling 
for a background ; and it remains as a last resource 
for man, when society, as it does every now and 
then, resolves itself into its elements. Kven in the 
most artificial and refined states of society, those 
minor moralities on which half the happiness of 
social intercourse depends, are imposed upon the 
selfish, in great measure, by that latent fund of A. 
which every man is known to carry about with 
him, 
ANGERMANNLAND (Swedish, Angermland, 
pronounced Ongermland), a province of Nordland, one 
of the four great divisions of Sweden, extends along 
the Gulf of Bothnia, and is watered by the river 
Angermann. Next to Dalecarlia, perhaps, it exhibits 
the richest variety of wild and beautiful landscape 
—wood, mount, stream, and lake; vieing with the 
banks of the Rhine, the Danube, or the far-famed 
scenery of Switzerland. In addition, it is one of 
the best cultivated provinces in Sweden, producing 
barley, rye, and peas, and abounding in excellent 
pasturage. The river Angermann, in its lower course, 
becomes navigable for the largest ships, and broadens 
out into a lake shortly before discharging itself into 
the Gulf of Bothnia. The inhabitants are reckoned 
among the solidest of the Swedes, and are favourably 
known for their sobriety and industrious habits, on 
account of which, prosperity is general. The chief 
town of the province is Herncesand, with a popula- 
tion of rather more than 2000, standing on the small 
island of Herno, and having steam-communication 
weekly with Stockholm. It is the see of a bishop, 
has a cathedral-school and literary and printing 
establishment with Lappish type, public baths, and 
building docks. It exports linen fabrics, and the 
Baltic products generally. 
  
ANGERS, the ancient Juliomagus or Andegavum, 
formerly the capital of the Duchy of Anjou, and 
now of the French department of Maine-et-Loire, 
is situated on both sides of the mavigable river 
Mayenne, not far from its junction with the Loire, 
lat. 47° 28 N., long. 0° 33’ W. A. is the see of a 
bishop, and was the seat of a university founded in 
1246; instead of which it has now an academy of 
the highest class. Lord Chatham and the Duke of 
Wellington received a portion of their education at 
the military college which was once here, but which 
is now removed to Saumur. It has also given birth 
to two distinguished men, Bernier, the traveller, 
and David, the sculptor. It has also a theological 
seminary, an institution for the deaf and dumb, 
a botanical garden, a large picture-gallery, and a 
public library containing 25,000 volumes. "Lhe ruins 
of the ancient castle of A., built by St Louis, about 
the middle of the 13th c., are situated on a projecting 
rock above the river. The cathedral of St Martin 
is a fine building of the 9th c., in the Roman basilica 
253 
  
  
§ 
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