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ANHYDRITE—ANIMAT, AND ANIMAL KINGDOM.
eminent in the political, military, and ecclesiastical
history of Germany.
A'NHYDRITE, a mineral, consisting of anhy-
drous sulphate of lime, with some slight addition of
sea-salt, appears in several varieties, as, 1. Granular;
found in concretions with a foliated structure: 2.
Fibrous ; easily broken with a fracture in delicate
parallel fibres : 3. Radiated ; translucent: 4. Sparry,
or Cube Spar: 5. Compact, of various shades, white,
blue, gray, red. A. is converted into gypsum by
combination with a certain proportion of water, and,
where it is found in large masses, as on the south
of the Harz Mountains near Osterode, the surface
consists of gypsum. For building, A. has no great
value, on account of its tendency to this change;
but some of its varieties, especially the Siliciferous
or Vulpenite, found at Vulpino, in Upper Italy, are
used for sculptures, and take a fine polish. When
burned and reduced to powder, it is used as a
manure, resembling gypsum in its effects.
ANHY'DROUS is the term applied to a chemical
substance free from water. Thus, ordinary lime-shell
as it comes from the kiln is simply lime (CaO)
without any water, and is called anhydrous lime;
but when water is thrown upon the lime-shell, the
liquid disappears by combination with the lime,
which very much increases in volume and becomes
hydrated lime (CaO,HO). Again, ordinary stucco,
before being used by the modeller, contains only
lime and sulphuric acid (CaOS0,), with no water,
and is therefore anhydrous; but when water is
added, and the stucco sets into its mould, it com-
bines with two equivalents of water, and becomes
hydrated stucco (2HO,Ca0S80,). Examples of A.
substances are also found amongst liquids; thus,
alcohol free from water is called A. Alcohol; and
in like manner we speak of A. Acetic Acid, A.
Nitric Acid, &c.
ANIMA, Coxn, in Music; with animation, in a
spirited manner.
A'NIMA MUNDI literally signifies ¢ the soul of
the world.” The doctrine contained in this phrase
was a favourite one with the early philosophers,
who conceived that there resided in nature a force
immaterial, yet not intelligential, which was the
source of all physical and sentient life. Plato held
it impossible for pure spirit—the atmosphere in
which alone eternal and archetypal ideas could exist
—+to bear any relation whatever to matter, and he
therefore supposed the latter to be operated upon
by an inferior agency, the 4. M. In the system of
the Stoics, the 4. M. was conceived to be the sole
vital force in the universe ; it usurped the office of
pure spirit, and the doctrine became indistinguish-
able from Pantheism (q. v.). The notion does not
seem to have been entertained by the schoolmen, but
it reappears in the writings of Cornelius Agrippa,
Paracelsus, and Van Helmont, and, in a modified
form, was held by More, Cudworth, and others.
ANIMAL Axp ANIMAL KINGDOM. Ac-
cording to a very old classification, all bodies are
divided into three kingdoms—the mineral, the
vegetable, and the animal. Animals and vegetables
are again classed together as organic, in opposition
to minerals, which are inorganic. Mineral bodies
are masses of matter without internal movement,
increasing by additions from without, having, with
the exception of crystals, no determinate form or
size, homogeneous throughout, and without relation
of one part to another. Animals and plants, on
the contrary, exist as individual beings, consisting
of various organs. Their existence has a beginning
and an end, and at their death they are replaced by
other similar beings developed out of them.
The distinction between animals and plants strikes
us at once in the higher classes; but among the
lower organisms there are beings which have been
at times classed among animals, at times among
plants. The marks’of animality which, with very few
exceptions, have as yet been found to exist m all
animals, are spontaneous motion, the existence of a.
special digesting apparatus (it may be only a mouth
and a stomach), and sensation by means of nerves.
The prevalence of nitrogen as a chemical ingredient,
is another general characteristic of animals, while
carbon prevails in plants. Most animals,; though
not all, possess the faculty of loco-motion (q. v.) ; it
is wanting in some, as the oyster and polype. This
locomotion is generally effected by appropriate
organs, which are very different in the different.
classes of animals, as legs, wings, fins, suckers, cilia,
&ec., sometimes merely by muscular dilatations and
contractions. In the higher animals, it is connected.
with a special system of bones and muscles, which
becomes less and less prominent as we descend in.
the scale, and at last disappears.
Nutrition is effected by swallowing and digesting
organic matter by means of a mouth, stomach, and
intestinal canal. A part of the food—the chyle,
namely, which results from digestion—is taken up
by a system of vessels into the body of the animal,
and thrown into the blood, into which, under the
action of the air in the lungs or gills, it is converted ;
the other part is excreted by a second orifice, except
in some of the lowest forms where the mouth forms
the exit. For keeping up a circulation of the blood,
which must be brought to all parts of the body for
the purpose of nourishment, there is provided a sys-
tem of blood-vessels and, in the higher classes, a
heart. See HEAarr. Nutrition may, to some extent,
take place also by absorption from the external sur-
face ; but this is not considerable except, perhaps,
among the lowest classes of animals. The substances.
that serve for the nutrition of an animal are either
vegetable or animal, and the mouth and other organs:
are adapted accordingly. The number of omnivorous
animals is small, and among these, man has the
greatest latitude of choice.
Propagation or reproduction takes place in a
great variety of ways: among the lowest forms,
by division, gemmation or budding, and cell-
germs ; among the more perfect, by generation.
between two individuals of different sex. Of the
two sexes, the-male is generally distinguished by
superior size and strength, more brilliant colouring,.
larger appendages, and often stronger voice. Be-
sides male and female, there are among some ani-
mals (bees and ants) neuters. In some of the
lower kinds, the individuals are hermaphrodite.
See REPRODUCTION.
All animals develop gradually, and most of them
go through one or more changes of form or meta-
morphoses. This is most marked among insects
which go through the four stages of egg, larva,
pupa, and perfect insect. The class of reptiles
with naked skins also go through changes, though
less striking. In the higher animals, these transi-
tions through a series of forms take place in the
ovum, or before birth. In some cases, the embryo
comes to maturity after the exclusion of the ovum
(birds and amphibia) ; in others (mammalia), within
the body of the mother: animals of the last kind
are called viviparous. The reproduction of some
intestinal worms is peculiar ; the egg of the mother-
animal produces a sexless creature—a nurse—the
eggs laid by which reproduce the original animal.
A somewhat similar peculiarity is observed in some.
insects, as Aphides. See ArHIS.
The life of animals is dependent on many condi-
tions. Among these rank warmth, atmospheric air,
and moisture, along with sufficient nourisg}gnentg
26
