ANTONINUS—ANTONIUS.
2 general survey of the Roman empire was com-
menced 44 B.C., in the consulship of Julius Caesar
and M. Antonius, and completed in the reign of
Augustus, when the results of the survey received
the sanction of the state. These results, it is
with some probability inferred, are embodied in this
Ltinerary, which, it is further supposed, received
additions and amendments in the time of the
Antonines. Subsequent improvements were made
down to the reign of Diocletian. The best editions
are those of Wesseling (Amst. 4to, 1735), and Parthey
(Berl., 1848).
ANTONI'NUS, WaLL or (Antonine Vallum), a
barrier erected between the Firths of Forth and
Clyde by the Romans, in the reign of Antoninus
Pius, to restrain the enc:“omchmentb of the native
tribes. A fragment of a Roman pillar, which was
at one time in the umvev"xty of Edinburgh, fixes
the date of its execution to 140 A.D. The ¢ superin-
tendence of the work is generally attributed to the
imperial legate Lollius Urbicus. Its length was
about 27 Inglish miles—the eastern termination
being, according to two different suppositions, at
'1‘311, or at Kinniel, on the Forth ; the western,
at Old Kiw,‘k‘):l’crick, or at Dunglass Castle, on the
Clyde. The work consisted of a ditch about 20
feet deep and 40 wide, a rampart of earth and stone
about 20 feet high and 24 feet thick at the base,
and on the inner or south side of the rampart
paved military road. It was protected by a chain
of nineteen f“ltm with watch- ’s(\‘“ s between. The
line of the wa i, ‘r*y still be traced to a consider-
able extent. > most perfect fragments are at Elf
Hill, on the moor of Bonnieside, about a mile and a
half from (J“%!-*czu:y ; within the park of Callander
House, near Falkirk ; and on the slopes at Inveravon,
not far from the railway station at Polmont. It is
commonly designated Graham’s Dike—a name given
also to more than one ancient ditch and rampart in
England. The bestaccounts of the Wall of Antonine
are in Roy’s Military Antiquities of the Romans in
North Britain (Lond., 1793), and in Stuart’s Cale-
donta Bomana (2d. ed., Edin., 1852).
ANTO'NIUS, Marcus (MARK AnTONY), the
Roman triumvir, born in 83 B.c., a descendant of
one of the oldest patrician families, was the son
of the Prztor M. Antonius C \,JEICIIS, and, on the
side of his mother Julia, was related to Julius
wsar. His youth was wasted in dissipation,
and finding himself pressed by numerous impatient
creditors, he escaped to Greece in 58 B.c., where,
for a short tir ne, he listened to the teaching of
Athenian philosophers and orators. His studies
here were soon interrupted by the Proconsul
Gabinius, whf) appointed him as leader of his cavalry.
In the campaign against Aristobulus in Palestine,
and in Bgypt, 8 dlbtlfl“‘lflbh@dhllnSOlfby his courage
and activity, and ingratiated himself with the
soldiers. Dutar ‘15315‘5111(» Ceesar in Gaul, he went
to Rome in 50 B. ¢, to advance the mtere%m of the
former, who stood 'in great danger from the hostility
of the oligarchical par rty y, and was appointed an augur,
and chosen one of the tribunes of the people. In
the following ye‘n' on account of his adherence to
the party of " Cie gar, he was expelled from the curia,
and fled to Casar, who made use of this event as
a pretext f«*“ his war against Pompey. At the
outhreak of this war, A Teceived the appointment
of commander-in- ch’cf in Italy. In the battle of
Pharsalia, he commanded the left wing of Ceesar’s
army. In 47, he was made Master of the Horse by
Cesar, who ‘left him to govern Italy during his
absence in * Africa. Antony, as usual, dlS"'I‘ZLCOd
himself; got perpetually drunk; divorced his wife,
and married an actre 88, with ‘whom he paraded
304
offensively through the chief towns of the penin-
sula. In 44 B.c., he married Fulvia, the widow
of Clodius; was made consul, and vainly endea-
voured to prevail on the Romans to recognise
Ceesar as emperor. After the assassination of Casar,
he played the part so well described by Shakspeare ;
and by his funeral oration, and the well-timed
display of Cesar’s bloody robe, so wrought on the
passions of the people, that the conspirators were
compelled to escape from Rome, leaving the success-
ful orator for a while in l)OSSLSSiOH of almost absolute
power. Next, we find A. occupied in disputes and
reconciliations with Octavianus (Caesar’s heir), be-
sieging Mutina, and then denounced by Cicero as an
enemy of the state. In 43 B.c., his troops were
defeated at the battle of Mutina, when he escaped
beyond the Alps; visited the camp of Lepidus, who
commanded in Gaul; and gained the favour of the
army, of which he took the command. Plancus and
Pollio joined him with their troops; and A., who so
recently had escaped as a helpless fugitive from
Italy, returned to Rome at the head of seventeen
legions and 10,000 cavalry. Octavianus, who had
pretended to maintain republican principles, now
threw off the mask, and held a consultation with A.
and Lepidus on the island of Reno (or Lavinc 0), near
Bologna, when it was determined that thu“ trium-
viri should share the whole Roman world among
themselves. To secure their spoil, ti‘“y returned to
Rome, and bogwn their course of murder and robbery
throughout l‘mly Among their first victims ud
Cicero, the orator whose cloqu nce they dreaded
Xflcordmn to Appian, not less than 300 senators mul
2000 Lnl”htb 1'“1 under the puwu‘ of the triumviri.
After mwhmfi Ttaly safe for themselves, and raising
an enormous sum of money to carry on their war
abroad, A. and Octavianus led their troops into
Macedonia against Brutus and Cassius, and d feated
the rept ublican forces. A. nexb iml a visit to
Athens, and then went into Asia, to arrange his
dispute with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, whose
conduct had offended the triumviri. The queen
herself appczuc d to answer his challenge, ¢ ,
vated A. by her beauty and address.
who had overcome Brutus and Cassius was now
made a prisoner, though not of war. He followed
Cleopatra into }*}"rypt, and lived with her in id‘iom:-sr
and luxury, until he was:aroused by md ngs of the
quarrel which had taken place in Italy between his
own relatives and Octavianus., This dispute gave
rise to a short war, which came to an end before A.
arrived in Italy. A new division of the Roman world
now took place between the triumviri, and was soon
quietly arranged at Brundusium. A. took the East,
and Octavianus took the West ; Wm]o the ambition
of the feeble Lepidus was appeased by his having
the whole of Africa for his portion. Even this
shadow of dominion was taken from him in 36 B
Meanwhile A. had confirmed his friendship \\Jtl
Octavianus by a marriage with Octavia, his
sister. He now returned to Cleopatra, resumed
his former voluptuous mode of life e, squandered
the wealth of Rome in gifts to his royal mis-
tress, and. became gt lil‘ty of gross acts of injustice.
Octavianus made use of these facts to excite the
indignation of the Roman people against A., and
a war between the rivals became unavoidable.
A., in his idleness, tried to postpone the trial of
strength which he saw inevitably approaching, wn«l
filled the island of Samos (where his troops wer
quartered) with musicians, jugglers, and buffoons.
Meanwhile, at Rome, he was _ de posed from the
triumvirate, and war was proclaimed against
Cleopatra. Each party collected its forces, and in
the naval engagement which took place (31 B.c.), near
Actium (q.v.), A. was defeated. His subsequent hope
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