ST
ARNIM—ARNOLD.
two inches in breadth. It flowers from June to
August, forms an ornament of mountain meadows
Arnica montana.
in Germany and Switzerland, and is found upon the
continent as far south as Portugal, and as far
north as Lapland, but is not a native of Britain,
A'RNIM, EL1iZABETH VoON, better known as Bettina,
wife of Ludwig Achim von Arnim (9. v.), was bornin
1785 at Frankfort-on-the-Maine. From her child-
hood excitable and eccentric, an early and profound
impression was made upon her mind by the suicide
of her friend, the Canoness von Gunderode., The
next great event of her life was her devoted attach-
ment to, and intimacy with Goethe, at that time a
man of nearly sixty. Their correspondence, entitled
Gocethe's Leiters to a Child, was published in 1835,
and translated by Bettina into English. Her letters
are poetical, graceful, and fascinating, though often
careless and extravagant, and abound in graphic
sketches of men of the time. Goethe turned many
of these letters into verse. Bettina’s later works
were semi-political in.their character, and like her
earlier, full of fantastic beauty. Although a septua-
genarian, she appears to be still Bettina ¢ the child.’
A'RNIM, KarL Orro Ludpwig VON, a well-known
writer of travels and other works, was born at
Berlin 1779. After studying at Halle and Gottingen,
he travelled at different times over the most of
Europe, and was employed on the embassies at
Stockholm and London. His Flichtige Bemerkungen
eines flichitigen Reisenden (Passing Remarks by a
Passing Traveller, 6 vols., Berl. 1837—1850), is
recommended for its clear elegant style, as con-
trasted with the lumbering and involved writing of
the ¢ Academic’ school. A. also wrote in English
Napoleon's Conduct towards Prussia (Lond. 1814),
and published German National M. elodies, with
German and English text (Lond. 1816). He is the
author of a play and several poems.
A'RNIM, Lupwic AcHIM VON, a fantastic but
Berlin, January 26, 1781. After devoting some
years to the study of the physical sciences, he began
his carcer as an imaginative author with Arels
Revelations, a romance which, though based on
the principles of the new poetic school which had
then risen in Germany, indicated, nevertheless, that
the author could strike out a way of his own. His
travels through Germany afforded him an oppor-
tunity of catching the peculiarities of popular life n
its various provincial manifestations. He was especi-
ally interested in the old popular poetry, and stirred
up among his countrymen a warmer sympathy for it
by the publication, along with Clemens Brentand, of
The Boy's Wonderhorn (Heidelberg, 1806—1808).
In 1809 appeared the Winter Garden, a collection of
novels ; in 1810, the romance, entitled 7%e Poverty,
Riches, Guilt, and Repentance of the Countess Dolores ;
in 1811, Halle and Jerusalem, the Sports of a
Student, and the Adventures of a Pilgrim, in which
last his humour took a very saucy turn. In 1817,
he published the Crown Guardians, a work charac-
terised by its originality, richness of fancy, and
vivid portraitures. The later years of his life were
spent partly in Berlin and partly at his estate near
Dahme, where he died, Jan. 21, 1831.
A’RNO, next to the Tiber the most considerable
river of Central Italy, rises on Mount Falterona, an
offset of the Apennines, at an elevation of 4444 feet
above the level of the sea, and 25 miles north of
Arezzo. It flows through the deep and fertile valley
of Casentino, in a south-east direction; enters the
richly cultivated plain of Arezzo, where it receives
the water of the Chiana; then flows in a north-west
and north course through the upper valley of the
A. (Valdarno), one of the most delicious parts of
Tuscany ; afterwards it receives the Sieve, its largest
tributary, and turns its course toward the west,
flowing past Florence, Empoli, and through the
town of Pisa. The whole length of its course is
about 140 miles. In old times, the embouchure of
the A. was at Pisa; now it is about four or five
miles distant, in lat. 43° 41’ N., and lIong. 10° 15 E.
It is navigable for barges as far up as Florence, but
in the summer season even this frequently becomes
impossible. The Italian poets speak of ¢ the golden
A.;’ but, in truth, its waters have mostly the
unpleasant colour of milk and coffee mixed together.
The A. is noted for the rapid and destructive
character of its inundations. The most memorable
are those of September 1537, when the whole of
the Valdarno was laid under water, which rose to
the height of 8 feet in some parts of Florence ; and
of 1740, the latter being caused by the long con-
tinuance of the sirocco, which completely melted the
snows on the Apennines.
A'RNOLD, or ARNALD, or BrEscra, was a
native of that town, and was distinguished by
the success with which he contended against the
corruptions of the clergy in the early part of
the 12th ¢. He was educated in France under
Abelard, and adopted the monastic life. By his
preaching, the people of his native place were exas-
perated against their bishop, and the fermentation
and insurrectionary spirit spread over a great
part of the country, when he was cited before the
second Lateran Council, and banished from Italy.
He retired to France, but experienced the bitter hos-
tility of St Bernard, who denounced him as a violent
enemy to the church. He thereupon took refuge in
Zurich, where he settled for several years. Mean-
while his doctrines exerted a powerful influence in
Rome, which ended in a general insurrection against
the government, whereupon A. repaired thither, and
endeavoured to lead and direct the movement. He
original German writer of romances, was born in
426
exhorted the people to organise a government similar
