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themselves, and to obtain protection against the
bites of mosquitoes. Amongst us, A. is used in
medicine for colouring plasters, ointments, &c. ; and
to a considerable extent by farmers for giving a
Arnotto s
a, end of a branch with leaves and flowers reduced; b, capsule;
¢, the seeds and pulp.
rich colour to cheese. It is also used in dyeing,
although it does not produce a durable colour. It
is employed to impart an orange tint to simple
yellows. It is an ingredient in some varnishes. It
dissolves in alkalies, producing a brown solution,
from which it is precipitated yellow by acids. It
imparts little colour to water, but dissolves in
alcohol; alum and sugar of lead throw down a
brick-red precipitate from the alcoholic solution.
In South America, A. is very extensively mixed
with chocolate, not only for the sake of the colour,
but also for the improvement of the flavour.—The
genus Biza belongs to the natural order FrLAcouw-
TIACEE (q.v.), and is distinguished by complete
flowers with simple stigma, a hispid calyx of five
sepals, and a two-valved capsule. The A. shrub is a
native of tropical America, but has been introduced
into other warm countries. It grows to the height
of 7—8 feet, and has heart-shaped pointed leaves,
and large flowers of a peach-blossom colour, which
grow in loose clusters at the extremities of the
branches. The capsules are oblong, and contain
30—40 seeds enveloped in red pulp (the A.). The
seeds are said to be cordial, astringent, and febri-
fugal. The roots are used in broth. They have the
properties of A. in an inferior degree.
A'RNSBERG, one of the three departments of
the Prussian province of Westphalia (q. v.), having
an area of 2900 square miles, and a population of
580,000. With the exception of the valley of the
Lippe, the whole department belongs to the high-
lands of the Lower Rhine. Only in a few of the
valleys is there good arable soil; on the other
hand, there is a great deal of good timber, more
than a third of the whole area consisting of forests.
But the principal resources of the district are its
subterranean riches, in coal, iron, lead, silver, &c.
Tts abundant water-power has also led to the
establishment of numerous factories, mills, &c.
ARNSBERG, the chief town of the department, is
situated on the Rhur, 44 miles south-east from
Miinster ; pop. 4500. It has several manufactures,
such as linen, broadcloth, potash, &c. In the
orchard below the castle is still pointed out the
ARNSBERG—ARPAD.
spot where the famous Femgerichte (q. v.) of A. wa
held.
A’RNSTADT, the chief town in the principality
of Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen, is situated in a
picturesque country on the banks of the Gera,
twelve miles south of Erfurt, and has a population of
5820. It is one of the oldest Thuringian cities, its
existence being traceable as far back as 704 A.D.
Formerly it was the chief emporium for the trade
in fruit and timber between the fertile lowlands
and the Thuringian forest region, but is now a
manufacturing town, employing a very considerable
number of hands in weaving, glove-making, brewing,
pottery, &c. A rich vein of rock-salt has been
recently discovered in the mneighbourhood of the
town, and a new copper-mine opened.
ARO'MA, a term sometimes employed to desig-
nate those substances the extremely minute particles
of which are supposed to affect the organ of smell so
as to produce particular odours, and frequently as
synonymous with odour. The particles diffused
through the atmosphere, and affecting the olfactory
nerves—if the theory of particles of matter so diffused
be correct—must indeed be extremely minute, as
odoriferous substances such as musk, the smell of
which is felt at a considerable distance, continue to
diffuse their odour, and according to this theory,
these particles, for years, without sensible diminution
of weight. See SMELLING. The term A. is usually
employed only with reference to particular kinds of
odours, not easily defined or distinguished in words.
Thus, we speak of the A. of roast-meat,and of the 4.
or aromatic smell of hyssop, mint, and other plants.
Aromatic smells are very characteristic of some
natural orders of plants, as Labiate (Mint, &c.) and
Compositee (Milfoil, &ec.). They have been very
generally supposed to depend upon essential oils,
but resins are often equally aromatic.
AROMA'TIC VINEGAR differs from ordinary
vinegar (which is acetic acid diluted with water) in
containing certain essential oils which impart an
agreeable fragrance. It is generally prepared by
adding the oils of cloves, lavender, rosemary, and
Acorus Calamus (and sometimes camphor) to crystal-
lisable acetic acid, or by distilling the acetate of
copper in an earthen retort and receiver, and treating
the liquid which passes over with the fragrant oils
mentioned above. A. V. is a very pleasant and
powerful perfume; it is very volatile, and when
snuffed up by the nostrils, is a powerful excitant,
and hence is serviceable in fainting, languor, head-
ache, and nervous debility. A. V. is generally
placed on a’sponge in a smelling-bottle or in a vinai-
grette; it can also be purchased as a liquid in phials;
and a drop or two allowed to evaporate into a
sick-room, overpowers, but does not destroy any
unpleasant odour. The liquid must, however, be
cautiously dealt with, as 1t is a very corrosive
substance.
ARONTA. See CRATEGUS.
AROO'STOOK, a river which, rising in the north
of Maine, falls into the St John in New Brunswick,
after a course of about 120 miles. It possesses a
historical interest from its connection with the long-
agitated question of the north-east boundary between
British America and the United States.
ARPAD, the national hero of Hungary, was the
son of Amos, the leader under whom the Magyars
first gained a footing in Hungary. He was chosen
duke on his father’s death in 889, and by a course
of incessant and mostly successful warfare with the
Bulgarians, Wallachians, Moravians, &c., extended
the first conquests of the Magyars on all sides. He
also made more than one successful incursion into
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