debt, and disposed of several most holy relics for
money, were not successful in procuring him suf-
ficient forces to resist his foes; and on the night
of the 15th of July 1261, his capital was taken
by one of the generals of Michael Palzologus, ruler
of Nicea, and B. fled to Italy. With him termin-
ated the Latin Empire in the East, after it had
lasted 57 years. His descendants for more than
a century retained the title of emperor.
BA'LDWIN I., king of Jerusalem, 1100—1118,
was born in 1058. He was the youngest brother
of Godfrey de Bouillon (q. v.), Duke of Lower
Lorraine or Brabant. He took part in the first
Crusade; but having quarrelled with Tancred, he
retired to Hdessa, at the request of the Christian
inhabitants of the place, and was soon after elected
to be Count of Kdessa. After the death of his
brother Godfrey, in 1100, he became Protector of
the Holy Sepulchre, and Baron of Jerusalem, and
immediately assumed the regal title, which his
brother had refused. He conquered Ceesarea,
Ashdod, and Tripolis, and with the assistance
of a Genoese fleet, he became master also of
Acre, and subsequently of Sidon, but failed to
reduce Ascalon. He died in 1118. TUnlike his
brother, who was a disinterested enthusiast, B. was
worldly and ambitious.—BaArpwin II. (Baldwin du
Bourg), cousin of Baldwin I, who had made him
Count of Fdessa when he ascended the throne
of Jerusalem, succeeded him, and reigned from
1118 to 1131. During his reign Tyre was taken,
in 1124, with the assistance of a Venetian fleet ;
and the order of the Templars was instituted.
Having been taken prisoner by the Turks, B.
endured a captivity of six months. He died on
the 21st of August 1131, leaving four daughters.
Shortly before hiy death he resigned the crown
in favour of his son-in-law, Foulques of Anjou,
who reigned till 1134.—Barpwin IIL, king of
Jerusalem, 1143—1162, the son and successor of
Foulques of Anjou, was born in 1129. He was
a model of knighthood, which, during the period
of the first Crusades, was a personification of
Honour, Justice, Devotion, and Love. Fdessa
was lost to the Christians during his reign.
In 1152, he fought victoriously at Jerusalem
against Noureddin, the sultan of Aleppo. In
1157, after he had defeated the same prince at
Jacob’s Ford, on the Jordan, he again humbled
him severely near Putaha. After this, he ruled
in peace, and endeavoured to improve both the
external and internal defences of his kingdom.
The authority and influence of B. were so great,
that even Saracens followed under him the banner
of the Cross. By his marriage with Theodora,
the daughter of the Greck Emperor Manuel, he
gained a faithful ally in that prince. He died, it is
believed, of poison, in the flower of his age, at
Tripolis, in Syria, on the 10th of February 1162.
With his death the Christian power in the east
began to decline. He was succeeded in the govern-
ment by his brother Amalric or Amaury, who died
in 1173.—Barpwin IV., the son and successor
of Amalric, surnamed the Leper, reigned i1l 1183.—
When a child of 5 years old, BALpWIN V., the
son of Sybilla, sister of Baldwin IV., was called
to the throne. He died in 1187, a year before
Jerusalem was retaken by Saladin,
BA'LDWIN’S PHO'SPHORUS is a term ap-
plied to the nitrate of lime, which, on evaporation,
parts with its water of crystallisation, and then, as
discovered by Baldwin in 1675, assumes a luminous
appearance in the dark.
BALDWIN L—BALFE.
born at the village of Cove, in Suffolk, in November
1495. He was educated as a Carmelite monk, but
afterwards turned Protestant, and, being persecuted
by the Roman Catholics, fled to Flanders, where he
remained eight years, during which he wrote numer-
ous works. He was recalled by Edward VI., and
successively presented to the living of Bishopstoke,
in Hampshire, and the bishopric of Ossory. TIn this
latter sphere he made himself so obnoxious to the
Catholics by his zeal in the Protestant cause, that
on news of the death of Edward, his house was
attacked, and five of his servants killed. He him-
self escaped out of the country after great difficulty,
and the loss of all his effects. On the accession of
Elizabeth he returned to England, and was made a
prebend in the Cathedral of Canterbury. He died
in 1563. His fame mainly rests on a collection of
British Biography, which, notwithstanding that
sections of a book are not unfrequently set down in
it as distinct works, and that the names of persons
who never wrote anything are set down as authors,
is a valuable work. It was first published in 1548
under the title of Illustrium Majoris Brittanie
Scriptorum, hoc est, Anglie, Cambrie, et Scotie
Summarium.
BALE. See BASEL.
BALEA'RIC ISLES, a group of five islands—
Mallorca (Majorca), Minorca, Iviza, Formentera,
Cabrera—lying off the coast of Valencia, in lat. 38° 4/
—40° 5’ N., and long. 1°—5° E. They at one time
formed the kingdom of Mallorca, which was united
in 1289 with the crown of Aragon. They now form
a Spanish province, and have unitedly an area of
17538 square \miles, with a population, in 1857, of
266,952. The soil generally is good. Vines, olives,
and other fruit-trees are cultivated abundantly; but
corn has to be imported. The coasts are precipitous,
with some excellent harbours—Port Mahon, in
Minorea, being one of the finest in Europe. The Phee-
nicians visited the B. I. at a very early date, and
they were followed by the Greeks, from one or other
of whom they are said to have received their name.
If from the Pheenicians, the name is derived from a
Pheenician word equivalent to the Greek gumnetas,
signifying light-armed troops; if from the Greeks,
then it is from ballein, to throw, and was given
because of the expertness of the natives in using
the sling, to the use of which they were trained
from their infancy. Later, the B. I. became sub-
ject to Carthage; but after a short period of free-
dom, during which their inhabitants became pirates,
were annexed to the Roman empire by Metellus
(Balearicus), 123 B.c. From that time their history
is involved in that of the peninsula. See SpAIN.
BA'LE-FIRE. See BEACON.
BALFE, MicHAEL WILLIAM, an English com-
poser of operas, &c., was born May 15, 1808, in
Dublin. His musical talent received early culture,
and several anecdotes are related of his singular
precocity, which, if true, are all the more wonderful,
from the fact that B., though a brilliant and popu-
lar composer, is not considered remarkably original.
When only seven years old, he played publicly one
of Viotti’s concertos for the violin. "Atnine, he wrote
the ballad entitled 7%e Lover's Mistake, which
achieved popularity through the singing of Madam
Vestris. At sixteen, he made his début in London,
at the Drury Lane Theatre, as conductor of the
orchestra. In 1825, he left this situation, in order
to visit Ttaly, where he began his successful career
as a composer, with music for the ballet La Pey-
rouse, performed at the Theatre La Scala, in Milan.
In 1827, he returned to the stage, and sang in
BALE, Jonv, Bishop of Ossory, in Ireland, was
638
the Italian Opera at Paris, where. in concert with
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