- 131 - 
this project. In such a case, another scanner with higher 
accuracy using different techniques (e.g. structured light 
projection) should be used. The size of the sculpture and the 
accuracy needed is near the limits of the used scanning 
hardware. 
Comparing the simple line drawing of the seams and rivet 
features only (fig 4) with the combination of 3D model and line 
drawing (fig 5) shows the much higher information content of 
the latter. It is much easier for the observer to relate the line 
features with the corresponding areas of the sculpture and at the 
same time see all features, even those actually hidden by the 
sculpture itself. 
The digital representation of the sculpture can additionally be 
used for measurements and visualizations distant from the 
sculpture itself which can only be accomplished with such a 
virtual 3D model. 
Further results and visualizations of the sculpture will be 
published in a separate report covering the whole process of its 
restoration, conservation, technological investigation and 
documentation. 
PROBLEMS 
Various problems occurred, respectively had to be solved 
during this project. Beginning with the on-site work the 
temperature during the scans was at the limit of the hardware 
specifications. The scanner can be operated at temperatures up 
to 40° C; the actual temperature inside the scanner was 39° C 
sometimes. In the worst case external cooling is possible using a 
ventilator. 
The limited opening hours of the museum lead to an extension 
of the recording time, but were not a problem in general. An 
important factor for the recording time is the scanning rate of 
about 100 points per second at best. This is quite slow as 
compared to ranging scanners or light projecting systems. The 
most important advantage is the accuracy in the range between 
2 m and 10 m, which is unrivaled at present. 
The fact, that the calibration of the scanner was not optimal for 
close range applications in spite of a manufacturer’s calibration 
immediately before the project, led to a reduced accuracy of the 
scanned points and a higher expense for the generation of the 
model. 
The software used is workable for generating irregular object 
models, but far from optimal. The current situation is that 
optimal packages are not available at present (cf. Bohler et. al., 
2002 ). 
The whole equipment including the scanner itself, tripod, power 
transformer, etc. in a transportation box has a complete weight 
of about 150 kg. It was shipped from Germany to Egypt by 
airfreight. The time for transportation and possible delays must 
be considered as a period when the scanner cannot be used for 
other projects. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
The described project could be accomplished based on relations 
between the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Egypt, the Deutsches 
Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Kairo, Egypt, the Römisch- 
Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz, Germany and i3mainz, 
Institute for Spatial Information and Surveying Technology at 
FH Mainz, University of Applied Sciences in Mainz, Germany. 
The Cooperation is promoted by the Ministerium für 
Wissenschaft, Weiterbildung, Forschung und Kultur, 
Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany and the German Federal Ministry of 
the Interior. 
Funds for the acquisition of laser scanning equipment were 
provided by the German Federal Ministry of Education and 
Research within its zip initiative (Zukunftsinvestitionspro 
gramm) to i3mainz. 
Ein Projekt im 
Zukunfts 
investitions 
programm 
der Bundesregierung 
REFERENCES 
Boehler, W. Heinz, G., Marbs, A., 2001: The potential of non- 
contact close range laser scanners for cultural heritage 
recording. XVIII CIPA Symposium, proceedings (in print). 
(Also available at http://www.i3mainz.fh-mainz.de). 
Böhler, W., Siebold, M.: 3D Scanning Software: An 
Introduction. Published in this volume. 
Heinz, G., 1998 : Comparison of Different Methods for 
Sculpture Recording. - ISPRS Commission V, Symposium, 
Hakodate, Japan, 1998. International Archives of 
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. XXXII, Part 5, 
pp.557-563. 
Marbs, A.: Experiences with Laser Scanning at i3mainz. 
Published in this volume. 
Eckmann, C., Shafik, S.: Die beiden Kupferstatuen des Pepi I. 
aus dem Tempel von Hierakonpolis in Ägypten. Mainz 
2002 .