394 
Table 1. Aerial photographic parameters used in various portions of the natural range of red spruce for 
surveys of decline and mortality in the eastern United States - 1984-85. 
Survey Area 
Survey : 
Type of : 
Photo : 
Film : 
Lens Focal 
: Photo Acquisition 
Objective : 
Coverage : 
Scale : 
Type : 
Length 
: Window 
New Hampshire, 
Inventory 
55-3150 ha 
1: 8,000 
2443 
21 cm 
July-August 1984 
New York, Vermont 
blocks 
Map location of 
100% of areas 
1:24,000 
2443 
21 cm 
July 1985 
damaged areas 
of S-F type 
West Virginia 
Inventory 
100% 
1:30,000 
(nadir) 
SO-131 
60 cm 
July 1984 
Virginia, 
Inventory 
100% 
1:12,000 
2443 
15 cm 
July-August 1984 
North Carolina, 
100% 
1:12,000 
2448 
15 cm 
Spring 1985 
Tennessee 
Photo coverage 
20 plots 
1: 4,000 
2443 
15 cm 
June 1985 
of research 
plots 
Table 2. Vegetation types with a spruce component recognized in surveys to estimate status of decline and 
mortality in red spruce in the eastern United States - 1984-85. 
Vegetation Type 
Survey Area 
New York 
New Hampshire 
Vermont 
West Virginia 
Virginia 
North Carolina 
Tennessee 
Spruce-fir slope 
>50% spruce and fir 
>50% spruce 
>50% spruce and fir 
Mixed-wood 
25-50% spruce and fir 
25-50% conifer 
very limited, not recognized 
High elevation 
balsam fir 
90% fir <12.7 cm DBH 
does not occur 
does not occur 
Spruce-fir bog 
>50% spruce and fir in bogs 
does not occur 
does not occur 
Table 3. Mortality strata used to classify levels 
component in the eastern United States - 1984-85. 
of conifer mortality in vegetation types with a spruce 
Mortality Class 
Survey Area 
New Hampshire 
New Yorkshire 
V ermont 
West Virginia 
Virginia 
North Carolina 
Tennessee 
Light 
<10% standing dead 
<10% standing dead 
<33.3% standing dead 
Moderate 
10-30% standing dead 
10-30% standing dead 
33.3-66.7% standing dead 
Heavy 
>30% standing dead 
>30% standing dead 
>66.7% standing dead