CIPA 2003 XIX th International Symposium, 30 September - 04 October, 2003, Antalya, Turkey 
plied, the DM and the IM-ac/d. For the better visual perception 
of the differences, the overlay of an orthogonal equidistant grid 
was applied on the IM-ac/d map detail as in Figure 4. 
Figure 4. The grid overlay on the image of Figure 3. 
Finally, the gridded df is now optimally fitted to the df as in 
Figure 2, applying a fifth-degree polynomial. The transformed 
df is depicted in Figure 5. 
r + f r X + + f + Jy + 
-t- ^ 
4- -\-^Æ '\x ; 4 
4- 
4“ 
--ÎÆ& -IS* 
. | r*> 
X!*n>ni 
J2 . * 
4 
■+■ 
f 4 
k 
*4 4 
4- 
4 
4 1® 
4 
-<,**,&* 
4 4 
4 4 
4- 
4 
4 4 
-f 
4 4 
4 4 
4 ' 
Figure 5. The best fitted IM-ac/d image to the DM initial image 
applying a fifth-degree polynomial. 
The image in Figure 5 summarises the surface differences in 
duced by the two modes of image acquisition the DM and the 
IM-ac/d. Here, all possible types of distortions due to the parti 
cular modes used are included in a global sense. Knowing the 
dimensions of the original map it is possible to compute linear, 
angular and areal deformations induced by the acquisition 
modes. Studying these deformations one could arrive in some 
indeed significant results, which will contribute in the develop 
ment of the intended protocols concerning the LCOR concept 
as mentioned in the paragraph 5.3. 
The real challenge here is to develop a model or the identifi 
cation and the classification of the distortions. 
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 
In this paper we have introduced the idea to combine digital 
photogrammetry and digital cartography with modem research 
in historical cartography. In this procedure, scanning of old 
maps, i.e. the acquisition of relevant dfs, is of vital importance 
since the overall scheme is operating totally in digital domain. 
A special flowchart has been designed for the implementation 
of the idea and two research by-products are formulated: 
■ The articulation of a protocol for a Low Cost with an 
Optimal Response digitalisation of old maps for the 
introduction of cartographic heritage in the digital 
era. 
■ The strengthening of the research on the analysis of 
the geometric and projective properties of old maps 
by using digital analyses and interpretations. 
In paragraph 6 a general example illustrated the second by-pro 
duct of the proposed scheme. For the shake of the example we 
presented the image of the global differences (Figure 5) 
between the df derived by the DM and the counterpart derived 
by the IM-ac/d after some reasonable initial corrections in 
fitting the dfs preserving the conformality of the images (Figu 
res 2, 3). Of course the advancement should be the meticulous 
analysis of the contributing distortions either by identifying the 
sources for this or by studying the effects in a phenomenolo 
gical manner applying e.g. deformation analyses (Boutoura and 
Livieratos, 1986). Both cases, as well as issues related to the 
first by-product as stated above, are subject of on-going re 
search. 
References 
Balletti, C. and Boutoura, C., 2001. Revisiting the projective pro 
perties of historic nautical maps of the Mediterranean and the 
Aegean. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Cartographic Con 
ference Mapping the 21 s ' centuty, Beijing, China. 
Boutoura, C, and Livieratos, E., 1986. Strain analysis for geometric 
comparisons of maps. Cartographic Journal, 23(1), pp. 27-34. 
Boutoura, C., 2000: On the possibility of associating a map projection 
to Mediterranean and Aegean Sea portolan maps. Dept, of Cadastre, 
Photogrammetry and Cartography, Aristotle University of Thessalo 
niki, Greece. http://carto.topo.auth.gr/En/PapersEN_Bout.htm 
Guerra, F., Balletti, C., Monti, C., Livieratos, E., Boutoura, C., 1999: 
Informatica e “infografica” per lo studio della veduta prospetica di 
Venezia. In: A volo d'uccello, Jacopo de Barbari e le rappresentazioni 
di citta netl’ Europa del Rinascimento, Arsenale Editrice, Venezia, 
Italia, pp. 92-100. 
Livieratos, E., Myridis, M., 1999. CartoTech: The European Commis 
sion DG X Project “Cartographic Heritage Enhancement Using New 
Technologies”. Invited presentation at the 5 th Seminar of the ICA 
Standing Commission on Education and Training. 16 th International 
Conference on History of Cartography, Athens, Greece, June 1999. 
http://www.maplibraiy.gr/Cartotech.zip 
Livieratos, E., Myridis, M., Fotiou, A., Rossikopoulos, D., Tziavos, I., 
1999. Revitalising interest on History of Cartography, 19 th ICA Inter 
national Cartographic Conference, Ottawa, Canada. http://www. 
maplibrary.gr/Canadal .zip 
Schenk, T., 1999. Digital Photogrammetty. TerraScience, Laurelville, 
Ohio.