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nave is the centre of an irregular square, a rectangular narthex is 
on the west, a half hexagonal apse on the east. Figure 1 presents 
KAM; the photogrammetric image was taken from a a lifting 
truck. 
One of the major problems can be seen directly: the main 
railway on the European side of Istanbul which was built 
between 1870-1890 runs directly along the south side of the 
building in a very short distance of only a few meters. The 
traffic on this railway is very heavy today: trains are passing in 
10-minutes intervals the building. 
the elements minaret, tomb and a square with medrese and 
fountain for the washing, cf. figure 3. 
Figure 1. Gereral view of KAM and railway 
On the one hand the railways vibrations act directly at the 
structure of KAM; on the other hand there is a compression of 
the soil beneath the rails. Such a compression may disturbs the 
situation of the groundwater especially the drain off. In that 
context some further explanations shall be given: the height of 
KAM over sea level is only a few meters because the building 
was erected in a distance of about twenty meters to the old town 
wall which was built next to the seaside. Today there is a big 
street on a filled ground between old town wall and coastline. 
At the other (northern) side of KAM the terrain rises up to the 
place where the hippodrome was found in historic times. That 
situation and the compression of the soil are reasonable for 
problems concerning the groundwater. 
Beside the manyfold importance of the KAM an extraordinary 
but not well known beauty of the monument exists, which can 
be seen only inside the central octagon. To give a small 
illustration of that inherent beauty a panoramic image was 
computed by merging nine photographs which is shown in 
figure 2. 
2. IMAGES AS A RECORD OF CHANGES 
The existent fund of photogrammetric and other images is a 
document of different things which happened at KAM. For 
example the development or the condition of the building can 
be seen. Three concrete examples are presented in the 
following: 
The first example gives an impression of the integration of the 
KAM into a general architectonical situation. After changing 
the byzantine church into a mosque some typical islamic 
architectonic elements were appended in- and outdoor, outdoor 
Figure 2. Panoramic image of the central octagon 
Figure 3. Architectonical ensemble of KAM 
in the last century, [1] 
In the year 1979 the visitor could see the square (figure 4), but 
in the nineties he couldn’t (figure 5). The utilization of the 
medrese had changed; some parts were rebuilt or reorganized. 
Today the medrese houses some tourist-shops. Due to these 
developments, a few new jobs were created on the one hand but 
on the other hand the architectonic situation (the aesthetics of 
the ensemble) was disturbed completely. 
In the second example we see an orthophoto of the north wall 
of KAM generated by some photogrammetric images. This 
orthophoto shows 1500 years of changing, repairing of 
problems and damages: recording with the help of visualization. 
Such an orthophoto can be a hot spot of information and a very 
great help for the work of experts dealing with such old 
monuments. Let us have a detailed look at the situation of the 
central north side. There we will find some evident hints to 
conclude that the building entrances have changed.