CIPA 2003 XIX th International Symposium, 30 September - 04 October, 2003, Antalya, Turkey 
574 
II.2.1.1. Sieve Analysis and Chemical Analyses 
In determining the types of material used as binders and 
aggregates and their mixture ratios within the original mortar, 
chemical analyses and sieve analysis are made. If the binder in 
the original mortar is lime, sieve analysis is made after solving 
the mortar in acid. If the binder is soil, the sieve analysis is 
made for the aggregate after it is dissolved in water. The sieve 
analysis is made in order to determine the grain dimension 
dispersion of the material used as aggregates. If there are 
additional fibrous additives like hay, it is revealed during the 
analysis. Calcination analyses are made in order to determine 
the type of the binder, presence of organic matter and their 
ratios of presence. Calcination is an experimental method by 
measuring the weight losses of the sample mortar through 
heating it in the oven at high temperatures. With the calcination 
tests, determination of humidity, water content, loss through 
heating and the content of organic matter are revealed. 
Carbonate determination test is made by heating the sample 
mortar at high temperatures and calculating the amount of loss. 
Other experiments under the heading of chemical analyses are 
the analysis of salts disssolved in water. These are: Chloride 
(Cf) analysis, Sulphate (S0 4 ' 2 ) and Carbonate (C0 3 ' 2 ) analysis, 
Nitrade (N0 3 ') analysis, protein analysis and saponifiable oil 
analysis. Through interpreting the qualitative (element type 
determination) and quantitative (amount) determination in 
chemical analysis together with petrographic and x- ray data, 
the types of binders and aggregates are determined. 
11.2.1.2. The Petrographical and Minerological Analyses 
Petrographical analyses are made in order to determine the 
mineral type and structure of the mortar’s aggregate. The 
analysis of the mineral character in the sound part of the 
original mortar and analysis of the deformed mineral parts are 
made on samples which are prepared by taking a cross section 
from the mortar. Other methods of analysis in determining the 
grain dimension, shape, location system, color, tissue and 
crystal structure are scaning electron microscope (SEM) and 
elemental dispersive analysis (EDAX). In addition, these 
features are examined also by X-Ray diffraction. Additionally, 
with the ICP analyses minerals in the material are expressed in 
terms of chemical formulas. 
11.2.2. The Determination of the Physical and Mechanical 
Properties of the Original Mortar 
The physical and mechanical property tests conducted for the 
original mortar should be done on the repair mortar samples as 
well. The results of these experiments are statistically evaluated 
and compared. (Table 5). 
II.2.2.1.The Physical Property Tests 
Properties 
Name of the Testing Techniques 
Aim To Define 
Weight 
Density (g/cm 3 ), Specific gravity ( g/cm 3 ) 
Composity, Porosity 
Water absorption ratio 
Pressurized water absorption rate and ratio under atmosphere 
conditions (%),Coefficient of capillary water absorption (g/cm 2 Vdak) 
Visual Porosity 
Pore ratio and structure 
Pore size distribution (Porozimetry)measurement, Porosity ratio ( %), 
Saturation degree measurement (%) 
Real Porosity and Saturation 
properties related to its 
lifecycle durability. 
Water vapour 
permeability 
Water vapour diffusion resistance factor test 
Durability properties against 
wetting-drying cycles. 
Temperature resistance 
Coefficient of thermal dilatation testing 
Interaction property of 
original between new mortar. 
II.2.2.2. The Mechanical Property Tests 
Determination of 
Aim To Define 
Compression strength (MPa), Tensile strength (N/mm 2 ), Flexural strength (N/mm 2 ) 
Resistance against horizontal 
and vertical loads. 
Youngs’ Modulus (N/mm 2 ) 
Ductility or brittleness 
property. 
Adhesion strength (N/mm 2 ) 
Adhesion to different 
material. 
Determination of Hardness, 
Abrasion strength 
The strength of stiffness and 
life cycle. 
Table 5. The Physical and Mechanical Property Tests 
Phase III: Evaluation 
In the light of previously made visual and experimental 
analyses, the new mortar which is similar to the original mortar 
in appearance is designed in this phase. Since the quantitative 
and qualitative results of the mixture ratios and the physico- 
mechanical properties of the original mortar has been calculated 
by making a statistical distribution of the experimental studies, 
it is appropriate to make design tests for the new repair mortar. 
III.l. Design of the Repair Mortars 
While producing the repair mortar, aesthetic concerns like 
structure and color compatibility should be taken into account 
together with physical and mechanical properties. The 
properties and the mixture rations of the present material should 
take place within the process of designing the repair mortar. 
III.1.1. The Determination of the Properties of the Raw 
Material 
It is necessary to know the type and size of the aggregates to be 
used in the newly produced mortar together with the chemical 
structure of the lime that will be used as a binder. In addition, 
having some information about the effects of the additives such