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Baturayoglu, G. Summers, F. Summers, Aydin 
Geoffrey and Françoise Summers under the auspices of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara combined with test 
excavations and clearance of monuments in collaboration with Musa Ôzcan, then Director of the Yozgat Museum 3 (Summers and 
Summers 1998). 
3. THE WIDER CONTEXT 
3.1 Satellite Imagery 
The reflective properties of the stone defensive circuit at Kerkenes makes it clearly visible on Landsat images. The available Corona 
images seem all to have been taken when the site was obscured by snow cover. DTMs created by draping Landsat images over 
digitised maps provide an overview of the city in its wider setting, particularly in relation to geology and geomorphology, with 
information concerning drainage, soils and land use. This information, combined with evidence from traditional, intensive, 
archaeological survey of ancient settlement patterns, water resources, modern and ancient land use, soil and vegetation cover and 
predictive modelling will eventually provide a picture of human impact on the landscape over the last 10-12,000 years over a region 
5-10km in radius around Kerkenes. 
3.2 Geomorphology 
Catherine Kuzucuoglu and Mehmet Ekmekçi are investigating the surrounding landscape through geomorphological surveys that 
include coring in valley floors and areas of ancient ponding. One goal, the determination of the impact that building and occupation 
of this immense city had on the immediate environment, is but a part of the wider human impact study. 
4. THE URBAN SURVEY 
The Kerkenes survey comprises a series of layers which can be combined in a number of different ways. The ultimate goal is the 
formation of a set of images that can be used for urban simulation and architectural reconstruction, spatial analysis and other forms of 
interpretation. The layers can be thought of in different ways: two-dimensional, including photographic and geomagnetic data, and 
three-dimensional, including topographic mapping with a total station and a global positioning system (GPS) as well as the 
production of digital terrain models (DTMs). Another approach is to think of surface images, sub-surface images and multi 
dimensional excavation data, three of the dimensions being spatial and the fourth temporal. Once a sufficiently large database has 
been created it ought, perhaps, to be possible to view the development of the site through a series of time slices. 
Figure 2a: Aerial work photo with overlay Figure 2b: Rectified photomosaic from balloon photographs 
4.1 Balloon and Kite Photography of the City at Kerkenes 
Archaeological survey of an ancient city in most areas within Europe would surely begin with aerial photography. Turkey, however, 
is one of many countries that impose such strict levels of control over the dissemination of aerial photographs as to effectively render 
3 We are exceptionally grateful to Mr Ozcan for several years of extremely fruitful collaboration.