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ISPRS, Vol.34, Part 2W2, “Dynamic and Multi-Dimensional GIS”, Bangkok, May 23-25, 2001 
ISPRS, Vol.34, I 
Scale effects in spatial analysis 
Large scale database 
• 3-dimensional 
Data acquisition 
Data: models, structure, database, retrieval, query, 
relations 
Cybercity 
Visualisation: augmented reality, virtual reality 
Global spatial data modelling 
• Integrated modelling 
multi-dimensional range search and query 
Conceptual and logical multi-dimensional data modeling 
based on spatio-temporal relations 
Dynamic generation and access of spatio-temporal 
relations between 3D objects 
Interpolation in scale, time and space dimensions 
Human-computer inteface 
Spatial analysis and reason 
Spatio-temporal statistics and interpolation of multi 
dimensional data, 
Web-based management of distributed and 
heterogeneous multi-dimensional spatial 
databases and interoperability and object 
processing 
hetorogenious and large scale spatial data management 
• Integrated application 
Spatial decision-support systems 
Integrating GIS with CSCWs, 
Integrate domain-specific models with GIS’s spatial 
analysis capabilities 
Digital earth and Cybercity GIS: 
5.CONCLUDING REMARKS 
Recently, in GIS community, more attention has been paid to 
dynamic and multi-dimensional GIS as a result of the digital- 
earth movement. This is because the three key issues 
involved in the digital earth, i.e. (a) mutil-resolution (or multi 
scale) representation of the earth, (b) 3-dimensional 
representation of the earth and (c) embedding vast amounts of 
geo-referenced data with various attributes, are all the key 
topics of the dynamic and multi-dimensional. 
From practical point of view, technological development 
usually takes place as a result of demands arising from the 
society. The digital-earth will play an important role in the 21 st 
century and dynamic and multi-dimensional GIS is the key to 
this technology. It has also been pointed out by Wright and 
Goodchild (1997) that, in the 21 st century, marine is one of the 
areas of great interest because marine would be the ideal 
candidate to captivate the public and to serve pragmatic 
interests as vital as the military while creating vast 
opportunities for jobs and investments. This requires dynamic 
and multi-dimensional GIS as well. 
All these point to this fact: dynamic and multi-dimensional GIS 
is a technology in demand for the 21 st century. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 
This paper forms part of the project entitled “Dynamic and 
Multi-dimensional GIS: Some Key Issues”, which is funded by 
the National Natural Science Foundation of China, under No. 
69833010. 
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