887
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SPOT Simulation
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il Ground Cover
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ind Region Using
irch U.S. Geol.
:over Map From
Washington Urban
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irea, Map
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i., Lu, Y.C. &
el I Land Cover
! AVHRR Data,
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Cover Mapping
oscopic Images,
p. 68-89.
g from Skylab
c Eng. and Remote
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Symposium on Remote Sensing for Resources Development and Environmental Management / Enschede / August 1986
Analysis and evaluation of recreational resources with the aid
of remote sensing
D.van der Zee
International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC), Enschede, Netherlands
ABSTRACT: Everywhere in the world the pressure on the recreational resources is increasing, proper management
of these resources is dearly needed, and for this good information is indispensable. Airphoto interpretation
can give an important contribution to such information. Analysis of the present situation may reveal what
recreational activities are attracted by which recreational resources. By a study of sequences of airphotos
the process of developments can be analysed,the impact of the recreation on the landscape assessed, and an
indication of the spatial behaviour of recreationists obtained. Analysis of this impact and of the spatial
behaviour can give a more detailed understanding of what use is made of which specific (parts of) recreation
al resources. Next to physical suitability and accessibility of the terrain, the general attractivity of the
area in which the recreational activities take place can be evaluated by special methods, in many of which
airphoto interpretation is an important tool.
RESUME: De partout dans le monde la pression sur les ressources de loisirs augmente, une aménagement adéquate
de ces ressources est indispensable et nécessite de bonnes sources d'information. L'interprétation des photo
graphies aériennes peut contribuer fortement a l'obtention de cette information. L'analyse de la situation
présente peut révéler par quelles ressources sont attirées certaines activités de loisirs.
Par une étude à l'aide de photographies aériennes séquentielles, le processus de développement peut être
analysé, l'empreinte des loisirs sur le paysage peut être étudiée, ainsi que la conduite spaciale des uti
lisateurs des activités de loisirs.
L'analyse de cet empreinte et cette conduite spaciale permet une compréhension plus détaillée de l'utilisa
tion de quelles (intégrales ou partielles) ressources spécifiques de loisirs. En plus des propriétés physi
ques et l'accessibilité du terrain, l'attrait général de la région dans laquelle les activités de loisirs ont
lieu peut être évalue par des méthodes spéciales. Dans plusieurs de ces méthodes l'interprétation des photo
graphies aériennes joue un role important.
INTRODUCTION
Next to landevaluation for all kinds of agricul
tural, grazing, forestry or other landuses, land-
evaluation for recreational landuses is becoming
more and more relevant also in developing countries.
Increasing numbers of people take part in recrea
tional activities and the income from tourism is a
welcome support to the economy of many a country or
region.
Everywhere in the world pressure on the recreational
resources is increasing. Therefore proper management
of these resources is dearly needed. For such proper
management good information is indispensable and can
be best presented in a land(scape)evaluation proce
dure. In the inventory and analysis phase of such a
procedure remote sensing techniques - so far mainly
airphoto interpretation has been used - are very
important.
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS
Landevaluation is a method or procedure in which
specific land uses or "land utilisation types"
(lut's) with their requirements are confronted with
"land (mapping)units" (lu's) with their character
istics and qualities in order to establish which
land units are in what degree suitable for which
land utilisation types (FAO, 1977).
Before starting the discussion on the application
of this procedure to the topic recreation, this
term, and some related terms, may need some defini
tion in order to avoid misunderstandings. Out of the
many definitions of recreation the following defini
tion is preferred: "recreation": refreshment of body
or mind by activities or a planned inactivity un
dertaken because one wants to do it, without any
moral, economical, social or other pressure (Zee
1971: 6; 1985: 1).
It is a rather wide definition of recreation and
comprises a large variety of activities from watch
ing television to mountain climbing. But since the
majority of these activities concentrates in and
around the home (Cosgrove 1972: 22), only a few .are
relevant to consider as land utilisation type.
Recreation in almost all cases is associated with
"leisure" or "leisure time". Leisure is the time
left after the economic, social and other obliga
tions are fulfilled, it is discretionary time, to
be used as one chooses (Clawspn 1966: 12).
Although leisure and recreation are highly correla
ted, they are not the same. Leisure is time of a
special kind; recreation is activity (or inactivi
ty) of special kinds (Clawson 1966: 12).
Another term recreation is frequently related
to is "tourism". Tourism can be considered as re
creation, but not all recreation is tourism. Tour
ism can be defined as those types of recreation for
which one leaves the home environment for shorter
or longer duration. Many definitions of tourism
emphasize the staying one or more nights away from
home and the using of facilities and services
(Biichli 1962: 23-28; Robinson 1953: 91; Defert
1952: 127), and clearly are formulated from the
point of view of the "industry" that provides tra
velers (= tourists) with food, lodging and enter
tainment and indeed sometimes this industry itself
is defined as "tourism" (Pearson 1961: 448). The
difference between recreation and tourism therefore
seems not to be a difference in activities between
recreationists and tourists, but rather the distan-
