MAPPING FOR URBAN PLANNING PROJECTS 
Large format aerial photography is 
traditionally an important basis for mapping. 
Sophisticated, costly systems are operational 
to provide planimetrically highly accurate 
standard maps. These systems are most 
appropiately applied in large mapping 
projects, covering large areas (or many map 
sheets). 
When only a small project area (say 25 
km 2 ) is to be mapped, just the cost of flying 
will already put a heavy burden on the project 
mapping budget. Only when very recent large 
format aerial photography of the appropiate 
scale happens to be available, project 
planning maps could possibly be ordered at a 
reasonable cost. 
The time element, however, may be 
considered so important (because of the fast 
changing project areas) that only a time-lap 
of a few months can be afforded. When the 
photogrammetric procedure cannot be organized 
to produce maps so quickly, the maps will be 
outdated when ready. Moreover, when standard 
metric mapping specifications are adhered to, 
the product will be much more accurate (and 
therefore costly) than required for the 
planning process. 
Also, these standard specifications are 
not geared to the planners' real requirements 
(Warner,1990). Very few planners do speak the 
photogrammetrist's language (and vice versa) 
and most, therefore, cannot easily express and 
define their essential mapping requirements. 
They are accustomed to play only a passive 
role regarding maps: existing maps are 
accepted because no clear alternatives are in 
view. 
Topographic maps, for instance, are made 
with high metric precision for a very broad 
group of users, whose requirements are defined 
on a national basis. This general product, 
therefore, is not necessarily, nor very 
likely, optimally suited for a specific user 
like an urban planner in a developing country. 
The area he is dealing with is usually fairly 
flat, and where small height differences play 
an important role, as in the drainage pattern 
or sewerage system, the topographic map does 
not give a sufficient resolution. 
His special requirements regarding 
timeliness, coverage, scale, and contents are 
not clearly reflected in conventional maps. He 
usually is not backed by adequate funds to 
order a tailor-made product. Consequently, the 
urban planner is mostly interested to just get 
hold of an adequate map at short notice, for 
an affordable price. In the absence of up-to- 
date line maps, photomaps and air photo 
mosaics of a recent date appear to be quite 
popular with urban planners in developing 
countries. It indicates their interest in map 
products that deviate from the more 
conventional maps. 
To satisfy the needs for fast and low-cost 
mapping of project areas, small format aerial 
photography is able to play an important role. 
Moreover, when aerial photography is used, the 
original photo images are available as a 
permanent (even legal) record, a source of 
additional data, and a basis for data 
collection (map substitute) . The amount of 
fieldwork can be reduced considerably when 
using aerial photos, and in addition maps and 
field data produced can be checked on 
completeness and consistency. 
3.1 
The Integrated Urban Infrastructure Development Program 
In 1985 Indonesia counted a total 
population of 164 million, of which about 25 
% (41 million) were living in urban centers. 
The National Urban Development Strategy 
Project identified about 800 urban centers 
(population > 20000). These centers were on 
average growing at 4.3 % per annum. 
To meet the demand for urban services 
generated by this population growth, the 
Indonesian government initiated in 1985 a 
nationwide approach to the delivery of urban 
services through the Integrated Urban 
Infrastructure Development Program (IUIDP). 
This approach has the following main 
features: 
It places de facto responsibility for the 
planning and implementation of urban 
services delivery at the local government 
level; 
The program attempts to integrate the 
various components of urban 
infrastructure provision, both in a 
physical sense, as well as in terms of 
the various sources of finance. Thus, 
water supply, solid waste management, 
drainage, urban roads, flood control, and 
kampung (low-income area) improvements 
are being considered together in an 
effort to achieve a better intersectoral 
balance in investments. 
A first step in the IUIDP approach is the 
preparation at the local government level of 
a Development Assessment Plan (IDAP). The IDAP 
is conceived as an outline structure plan, 
which, based on physical planning data, 
provides a spatial framework for the 
investment program. It identifies the likely 
magnitude and directions of future urban 
growth, and the deficiencies and medium-term 
requirements in infrastructure, including 
rough cost estimates and ways of financing. A 
multi-year investment program with more 
precise costs is then developed and becomes 
the basis for budget requests to various 
funding sources. These budget requests, 
prepared at the local government level, are 
screened and reviewed by the provincial and 
national government for inclusion in the 
government budget. At the central government 
level a major role is played by the 
Directorate General for Human Settlements in 
the Ministry of Public Works. It issues 
guidelines (standards for infrastructure 
provision, selection of priority towns, etc) 
and does the technical screening of proposals 
(UNCHS, 1987). This approach implies a major 
change from largely top-down planning to a 
significant degree of bottom-up planning. A 
major training program was launched in 1986. 
Thematic mapping training support is provided 
by the International Institute for Aerospace 
Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC). Enschede, the 
Netherlands. 
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