Full text: Proceedings of the Symposium on Global and Environmental Monitoring (Part 1)

3.2 
Thematic sapping frna small format aerial photography and photo aosaics for the IUIDP, 
Indonesia 
As in many developing countries, 
up-to-date maps (and much other relevant 
planning data) are frequently unavailable in 
Indonesia. Often the 'best' map is a 
topographic map (scale 1:50000) made in the 
1930's. 
A World Bank sponsored project aims at 
detailed (scale 1:1000) mapping of 255 cities. 
These maps are based on aerial photos (scale 
1:5500) flown in 1983-85 (first series of 100 
cities) or after 1988 (second series of 155 
cities). At the moment of publication these 
maps may be showing the situation of 4 or 5 
years ago. For towns with a population growth 
rate of 4 % or more per annum, it results in 
a considerable part of the urban area on the 
map being outdated. 
The usefulness of such 'old' maps (if they 
are not updated) for IUIDP planning purposes 
becomes rather questionable. For instance, a 
main item is a reliable calculation of the 
number of people within the urban area to be 
served by a water purification plant. In the 
case of a substantial underestimate of the 
population in the catchment area, inadequate 
facilities will be provided. If, on the other 
hand, guesswork or inappropiate calculation 
leads to serious overestimation, the financial 
burden to the community will become much too 
high. This is not an unlikely situation as 
population (census) figures are based not on 
the contiguous urban area, but on 
administrative areas (kabupaten or desah). 
For an economically feasible operation, a 
minimum population density is generally 
required for infrastructure provision. The 
present and expected population density, 
therefore, is a key item in the data 
collection and analysis that lead to plans and 
proposals (Pollé & Hofstee, 1986). 
In the absence of adequate, up-to-date 
maps and aerial photographs, a creative and 
appropiate solution was designed: new small 
format aerial photography and mapping, 
especially configured for the IUIDP planning 
purposes. 
At the ITB, the Institute of Technology 
Bandung, the Center for Environmental Studies 
had initiated its own low-cost aerial 
photography operations in 1975 (Poerbo & 
Shubert, 1978). This provided a basis for 
further development. Technical support by the 
ITC upgraded the operations to a level 
adequate for the IUIDP requirements. Both 
staff training and essential equipment were 
provided. The operations, however, are not 
really production oriented, but must be 
restricted to a non-commercial 'research & 
development' activity. 
The infrastructure essentially consists 
of: a crew for aerial photography, a platform 
(a light single-engine airplane with a 
facility for vertical aerial photography), a 
small format camera (Rollei SLX/6002, image 
format 56x56 mm) and mount,and accessories 
(overlap regulator, navigation sight). 
Eight towns were covered (negative scale 
1:20000) in the first half of 1987. From the 
enlargements in color (scale 1:5000), 
uncontrolled mosaics were made. These mosaics 
formed the basis of the initial line drawings 
(approximate maps with only roads, railways, 
and rivers) and the thematic (land use) maps. 
A closely linked operation was started to 
train local planning department staff in the 
use of air photos and mosaics, and in thematic 
mapping and field surveying. From town 
planning departments (district and provincial 
level) staff was appointed to attend short 
intensive training courses. 
Additional to the training, the main 
output of the workshops was a number of 
thematic maps. These maps, based on the recent 
air photos and limited field surveys, showed 
the land use of the respective towns. Included 
were residential densities, commercial and 
institutional areas, vacant and agricultural 
land, roads, etc. An important element was 
that the trainees worked on their own areas, 
i.e. an optimal use could be made of their 
local knowledge (a very important element in 
the interpretation of aerial photographs). 
Linked with the land use maps, other thematic 
maps are also made for the IUIDP planning 
process: population densities (Fig.l), present 
infrastructure (water supply, drainage, 
sewerage, road networks, etc), quality of 
infrastructure (level of service and 
aggregated level of service), and investment 
program (planned improvements for the next 5 
years) . All these maps are made on a common 
basis: the initial line drawing ('base map’). 
Standardization of the format and contents of 
the maps is aimed at, and can be achieved 
partially through the training program. 
A few facts will illustrate the potential 
of the approach applied in the pilot project 
phase, which is concentrating on the province 
West Java. Photo prints, mosaics, and initial 
line drawings (made by the ITB) could be 
provided well within 2 months after selecting 
the areas. However, weather conditions 
(monsoon period) could extend the waiting 
time. Security clearances could be obtained 
easily at the provincial level, mainly due to 
the low-key approach and access to informal 
networks. Two towns could not be covered 
because of proximity to a major airport with 
heavy air traffic (no air traffic control 
clearance for the required flying height of 
1000 m). 
An average town, area 20 km 2 , was covered 
within one day, unless a long ferry flight was 
needed to reach the target area from the home 
base. The average cost charged was about US $ 
1400 per town (US $ 0,70 per hectare), 
including airplane and crew cost, photo 
materials, mosaics, and initial line drawings 
('base maps'). The subsequent production of a 
land use map by trained local staff could be 
accomplished within one manmonth. 
The provision of the very recent small 
format aerial photographs, as discussed here 
for the Indonesian IUIDP planning approach, 
creates a substantial advantage in terms of 
timeliness and trustworthiness of urban 
planning data. 
Unfortunately, outside West Java no small 
format aerial coverage could be realized, due 
to security constraints (a fact that was 
initially not expected, but established while 
the project was already under way). 
218
	        
Waiting...

Note to user

Dear user,

In response to current developments in the web technology used by the Goobi viewer, the software no longer supports your browser.

Please use one of the following browsers to display this page correctly.

Thank you.