747
The comparison of S02,N0x and TSP,the rule of ISP's
daily-changing is easier to be disturbed, and S02's
daily changing is the most stable one ( see Pig.6 ).
NOx's daily changing is the same as the traffic.
The feature of air pollution
1) .In the pollution of coal and smoke which is
decided by our country's energy source construc
tion, the dusty and S02 pollution are both in
high-level. China has five cities joined WHO's
air monitoring network, among them Beijing,
Shenyang and Xian were considered to be the most
serious polluted ones on the world.In fact these
three cities' level are equal to the middle of
the northern cities in our country.
2) .The emissions concentrate on cities. The air
pollution has a clear region. The 45% emissions
in the whole country concentrate on cities which
are 7.5% of the whole country's area.Some dense
ly populated cities, annual amounts of coal con
sumption to 10,000 T/km2 (6.W.ZHOU, et a 1,1987).
Northern cities's pollution are more serious
than southern cities. The east areas where indu
stries are flourishing are more serious than
west areas. The southwest area where use high-
suiper's coal, the S02 pollution is abnormal
serious. The urban air pollution is obviously
more serious than in rural areas.
3) .The unreasonable ways to burn coal, the dis
organized and low altitude emissions are the
main reasons of surface air pollution.The cities
dwellers' life burning coal.especially the warm
ing to burn coal in winter constitute a large
number and widely area source.
4) .The traffic pollution which made by automobile
emissions are becoming serious day by day. In
the early years of 1980s, although NOx emissions
are only one-tenth of American's, the year
average polluted level is the same as American
NOx in the corresponding period. In the late
years of 1980s, with a few high developed
transportation cities, its NOx level surpass the
nation second standard.
2.3. The tendency of air quality in 1980s
In the period from 1980-1989, becouse the leading
bodies of all levels take it serious and environ
mental departments of all levels work hard, the
worsening tendency of air quality was controled
effectively (Z.Y.WU, 1989). Take S02 as an example,
compare with the early three years, the last three
years dropped about 9 %, but it rised about 3 %
compared with the middle of 1980s. Totally the S02
polluted tendency was provented. But with one in
the developing of energy source and economy, S02
emissions reached to a new level in the last years
of 1980s, the pollution of S02 was picking up, so
was NOx. The average level of the first two years
in 1980s was a little bit lower than it of the
last five years of 1980s, but compared with the
mean of 1982-1984 rose about 9%. It shows that the
tendency is picking up.
TSP and Dust show the tendency of going down.
Compared with in 1980, they were dropped 45-55% on
annual mean in 1989. It drops by a big margin.
'ESP in the early three years of 1980s dropped
about 30 % compared with the last three years in
1980s, and Dust dropped about 40% . The decrease
dusty pollution has a direct relationship with the
rate of eliminating smoke and dust, the rising of
boiler improving ratio, and the dropping in Dust
emissions.
If we use a synthetic index of air pollution to
weigh the change of air quality in 1980s, we can
find that it dropped 15-25 % in the last years of
1980s compared with it in the early years ( Shown
in Fig.7 ). It reflected the common going down
tendency of China's urban air pollution in 1980s.
Fig.7. The tendency of synthetic index
in China, 1980s.
3. THE STATUS QUO .AND THE TENDENCY
OF AIR POLLUTED EMISSIONS
3.1 The Status Quo Of Air Polluted Emissions
In 1980s, there are 90% S02 of the total amounts of
the whole country to emitted the atmosphere were
the result of burning coal, and there are 70% smoke
and dust which emitted to the atmosphere came from
burning coal. To analyse the energy constitution
the burning coal is 75% and the coal for civil use
are more than 90% . Becouse we have a low ability
on washing coal, most parts of smoke and sulphur
emit to the atmosphere directly during the burning
process. At the same time we are short of model-
coal amounts. And the energy using method fell
behind, the burning equipments are less than 4 tons
that is about 70% . The thermal efficiency isn't
high and there isn't any desulfurization facilities.
On one hand the utilization ratio of energy is very
low. on the other hand theconsumption of energy is
high. In the urban areas, hundreds of million of
stoves for civil with the method of low altitude to
emit made the surface air pollution more serious.
According to some concerned investigation stati
stics, low altitude emitted in Beijing is about 30%
(lower than 10 meters);and Tianjing's statistics in
1980,the coal consumptions which emitted from lower
than 25 meters is about 53% . During the heating
period ( in the winter ), wherever surface source
emitted is formed with a lot of emissions in cities
— this is the outstanting feature of China air
pollution in winter.
Fig.8 is the changing situation of S02 emissions in
China from 1981 to 1988. the last years of 1980s
appeared the rising tendency, S02 emissions had the
most, obyiously range in the whole country. Compare
1988 with 1987 the main cities didn t change
obviously. This reflected the swift and violent
developing tendency enterprises in the countryside.
Since 1984, the emissions different between the