In: Wagner W„ Székely, B. (eds.): ISPRS TC VII Symposium - 100 Years ISPRS, Vienna, Austria, July 5-7, 2010, IAPRS, Voi. XXXVIII, Part 7B 
have online monitoring and why? What is the possible 
objective/s? Can remote sensing present the varied solution? 
And what is the proposed algorithm in order to improve 
responding to the high temporal monitoring? 
In response to primary question, although observation from 
Patrol technique and airborne vision are appropriate steps 
toward the intrusion discontinue, an illegal activities may 
happen when patrol are moved away according to the schedule. 
In other words, monitoring operation is figured during a 
workday in below. An illegal activity is begun at 8:00 and at 
the same time Patrols are placed at 13:00. Patrols are far from 
that point thus, an unfortunate defect would be turning to 
disaster for company in a few hours; besides, they don’t have 
acceptable performance in bad weather condition. Those factors 
proof our need to meet an online application for monitoring. 
Consequently, this technique could not be the best choice in 
order to prevent intrusion from occurring. 
Interval: Scheduled program, at least once a day monitoring of ROW 
Figure 4: An intrusion is occurred after, at 8:30 
In response to warning about intrusion from high temporal 
monitoring technique aim to fulfil the unscheduled time and 
enforcement action, online applications have to investigate, 
decision maker’s choice about methods of remote sensing and 
its platform would be as varied as the type of pipeline 
construction, economics of pipeline operation, and environment 
in which they operate. Moreover, environmental issues and 
operational condition can fluctuate over the time and affect the 
performance of monitoring application. A few techniques 
relevant to the objective function are fingered by using the 
power of remote sensing technology. 
2. POTENTIAL MONITORING THROUGH REMOTE 
SENSING 
In the following aspects, potential monitoring through remote 
sensing and the proposed method with the objective of 
preventing the intrusion from occurring is discussed. Therefore 
candidate techniques followed by comparative table are 
introduced based on given importance weight. 
2.1 Sensor platforms 
In short, Remote as an adjective is located far away spatially, 
and Sensing as a noun is becoming aware of something via 
sense. Sensors are usually mounted on two platforms of Space- 
borne and Ground based platform. Obviously, the type of orbits 
and platforms determine the design of the sensors. Candidate 
techniques therefore are articulated based on space borne and 
ground based platform. Airborne scanner is omitted because of 
low temporal, Long Interval, inadequate number of data and 
limitation in flight over the pipeline’s corridor. 
2.1.1 Space-borne platforms: Satellites are placed at three 
types of orbits around the earth. In order to find which one suits 
our need, the principles of each type are briefed(UCAR 2009). 
The first type is geostationary. Its orbital period is equal to the 
period of earth rotation. So it must be placed in high attitude of 
36000 km. Any sensor on this platform is viewing the same 
position at all time. In contrast resolution of imagery and 
mapping data are very coarse. For this reason, imaging and 
mapping satellites are not geosynchronous. Thus 
communication and weather purposes are the most common 
use of geosynchronous orbit. 
The next type is polar orbiting satellite. This satellite passes 
above and over the earth’s pole and the equator at the different 
longitudes respectively. Eventually, a polar orbiting satellite 
can see every part of earth surface within certain time period, 
which is highly desirable for remote sensing applications. It 
completes global coverage of the Earth during one day. 
The third type of sensor is sun-synchronous. The satellite will 
pass over every location on the earth at the same solar local 
time. It must be placed in 700 km above earth surface. 
Resolution of imagery and mapping data is about 65 m as 
compared to a meter or less for an airborne scanner. Any sensor 
on this platform is viewing the same position every other weeks 
and months. Since active sensor rely on solar energy as a 
source of power. Sun-synchronous is a good choice for a space 
borne laser profile. Regarding to figure 5, sun-synchronized is 
removed from candidate method because its duration process of 
recurrent period. Although Geostationary can provide data and 
image at all time, the mention above reason makes its profile 
impractical and it wouldn’t be feasible technique. Finally, polar 
orbiting satellite has been taken into consideration despite the 
limitation in discontinuous of recurrent period. 
Geo Polar SurSynchronize 
Once an hour Twice a day _ Once a 17-9' days 
► Imaging and mapping — Discontinuous - Discontinuous - 
Figure 5 : A glance at space-borne scanner 
2.1.2 Ground based platform :Terrestrial remote sensing is 
usually used for close-range and high accuracy applications. 
This system works at short, medium and long range of 50-100, 
up to 250 and 1000 meter respectively. Principle of short rang 
application is mapping building and small objects. Medium 
range sensor, with millimetres accuracy is using for 3D 
modelling application. Long range sensor frequently use for 
topographic application. 
Three type of grand based scanning system, which are pleasing 
for this application are introduced. Panoramic scanner rotates 
360 degree around its axis. It can also scan 180 degrees 
vertically. Single axis on the other hand can rotate 360 degree 
around its axis but scan only 50-60 degrees vertical swath. The 
addition of grand based scanner points on a fixed direction with 
limited angular range both horizontally and vertically.