In: Paparoditis N., Pierrot-Deseilligny M.. Mallet C.. Tournaire O. (Eds). IAPRS. Vol. XXXVIII, Part ЗА - Saint-Mandé, France, September 1-3, 2010
Figure 16: top view of the interpreted 3D environment
istic reconstructions are achieved using multiple 2D lidar sensors
and texturized thanks to a lidar / camera cross calibration, when
driving at a normal speed.
New algorithm have been developed which can cope with various
situations. Road boundaries are detected using a two-step method
based on local road shape, which proves to be very precise even
on rural roads, where there are no curb. Road sides and main axis
are then fitted by arc-length parametrized NURBS, which allow
us to compute road width and curvature at the desired resolution.
Besides, road markings and traffic signs are extracted using the
reflectivity information provided by the lidar sensors ; image pro
cessing allow us to interpret these informations. These results are
gathered into a geographic information system that can be con
sulted trough our internal software.
Future works will concern world interpretation, providing infor
mation such as road furniture classification, traffic sign aging -
using a patented system - or bridge characterization.
REFERENCES
Antone. M. and Friedman, Y., 2007. Fully automated laser range
calibration. In: Proceedings of British Machine Vision Confer
ence, Warwick, England, pp. (on CD-ROM).
Aufrere, R., Mertz, C. and Thorpe, C., 2003. Multiple sensor fu
sion for detecting location of curbs, walls, and barriers. In: Pro
ceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (1V’03),
Colombus, OH. USA, pp. (on CD-ROM).
Barber, D., Mills, J. and Smith-Voysey, S., 2008. Geometric val
idation of a ground-based mobile laser scanning system. ISPRS
Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 63(1), pp. 128—
141.
Bostrôm, G.. Fiocco, M., Goncalves, J. and Sequeira. V, 2006.
Urban 3d modelling using terrestrial laserscanners. International
Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Infor
mation Sciences 36 (Part 5), pp. (on CD-ROM).
Goulette, F., Nashashibi, F., Abuhadrous. I., Ammoun, S. and
Laurgeau, C., 2006. An integrated on-board laser range sensing
system for on-the-way city and road modelling. ISPRS Inter
national Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and
Spatial Information Sciences 36 (Part 1), pp. 43:1^43-6.
Hatger, C. and Brenner, C, 2003. Extraction of road geome
try parameters from laser scanning and existing databases. In
International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and
Spatial Information Sciences 34 (Part 3), pp. 225-230.
Huang, L. and Barth, M., 2008. A novel laser scanner-computer
vision mobile sensing system for automatic navigation. In: Pro
ceedings of International Transport System Conference. Beijing,
China, pp. (on CD-ROM).
Ishikawa, K., Amano, Y.. Hashizume. T., ichi Takiguchi. J. and
Yoneyama, S.. 2006. Precise road line localization using single
camera and 3d road model. In: 23rd International Symposium on
Automation and Robotics in Construction. Tokyo, Japan, pp. (on
CD-ROM).
Jaakkola. A.. Hyyppä, J.. Hyyppä, H. and Kukko. A., 2008. Re
trieval algorithms for road surface modelling using laser-based
mobile mapping. Sensors 8, pp. 5238-5249.
Kim, S.-H., Roh, C.-W., Kang, S.-C. and Park, M.-Y, 2007.
Outdoor navigation of a mobile robot using differential gps and
curb detection. In: Proceedings of International Conference on
Robotics and Automation, Roma, Italy, pp. (on CD-ROM).
Kirchner, A. and Heinrich, T., 1998. Model based detection of
road boundaries with a laser scanner. In: Proceedings of the
IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV’98), Stuttgart, Ger
many, pp. 93-98.
Mählisch, M., Schweiger, R., Ritter, W. and Dietmayer. K., 2006.
Sensorfusion using spatio-temporal aligned video and lidar for
improved vehicle detection. In: Proceedings of Intelligent Vehi
cles Symposium (IV'06). Tokyo, Japan, pp. (on CD-ROM).
Peterson, J. W., 1992. Arc length parameterization of spline
curves. http://www.saccade.com/writing/graphics/
RE-PARAM.PDF.
Samadzadegan, F., Bigdeli, B. and Hahn, M., 2009. Automatic
road extraction from lidar data based on classifier fusion in ur
ban area. In International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote
Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 38 (Part 3), pp. 81-87.
Sparbert, J., Dietmayer, K. and Streller, D.. 2001. Lane detection
and street type classification using laser range images. In: 4TH
International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Sys
tems, Oakland. CA, USA. pp. (on CD-ROM).
Talaya, J., Bosch, E., Alamus, R., Serra, A. and Baron, A., 2004.
GEOVAN: The Mobile Mapping System from the ICC. ISPRS
Book Series, Vol. 4, CRC Press / Balkema, pp. 19-30.
Wijesoma, W. S., Kodagoda, K. R. S. and Balasuriya, A. R, 2004.
Road-boundary detection and tracking using ladar sensing. IEEE
Transactions on Robotics and Automation 20(3), pp. 456^464.
Deng, F., Zhang, Z. and Zhang, J., 2004. Construction 3d ur
ban model from lidar and image sequence. ISPRS International
Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial In
formation Sciences 35 (Part B3), pp. 580-584.
Dietmayer, K., Kampchen, N., Fiirstenberg, K. and Kibbel, J.,
2006. Roadway detection and lane detection using multilayer
laserscanner. In: Proceedings of International Conference on
Robotics and Automation, Orlando, FL, USA, pp. (on CD-
ROM).
Fischler, M. A. and Bolles, R. C., 1981. Random sample con
sensus: A paradigm for model fitting with applications to im
age analysis and automated cartography. Communications of the
ACM 24(6), pp. 381-395.
Zhang, Q. and Pless, R., 2004. Extrinsic calibration of a cam
era and laser range finder. In: Proceedings of International Con
ference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Edmonton, Canada,
pp. 2301-2306.
Zhang, Z., 2000. A flexible new technique for camera calibration.
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
22(11), pp. 1330-1334.
Zhao, H. and Shibasaki, R., 2003. Reconstructing a textured cad
model of an urban environment using vehicle-borne laser range
scanners and line cameras. Machine Vision and Applications
14(1), pp. 35—41.