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The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part Bl. Beijing 2008 
lists the project parameters of the 3D vector update of 300 
meters highway with UAV photogrammetry. The aerial survey 
was done in September 2006. 
Parameter 
Value 
Flying height 
100 m 
Flight lines 
3 
Photos 
39 
Ground Control Points 
14 
Forward lap 
60% 
Sidelap 
30% 
Project area size 
200 x 300 m2 
Footprint one photo 
80 x 60 m2 
Pixel size 
2 cm 
Camera 
Fuji FinePix Pro S3 
Lens 
Nikon 28 mm 
Time of survey 
5 minutes 
Weather 
high clouds 
Wind 
calm 
Table 5. Highway Project Parameters 
Figure 6 represents the photogrammetric block after aerotrian- 
gulation with Match-AT (left), and the extracted DSM with 
Match-T (right). 3D vector mapping to create the final DTB 
product was done by an experienced photogrammetrist with 
Summit Evolution Pro. Figure 7 illustrates a part of the DTB 
over the seamless orthophoto mosaic that was created with 
Inpho’s Orthobox. 
The accuracy of the 3D vector data product was validated with 
very precise terrestrial tachymeter data produced by the Dutch 
Department of Traffic and Water Management. Figure 8 
presents the comparison between one of the 3D profiles from 
the terrestrial survey (black line), and the same 3D profile from 
UAV photogrammetry (green line). The associated F-test and 
U-test results of the height differences are listed in Table 9. 
Figure 8. Comparison of 3D Profiles: Terrestrial versus UAV 
Figure 6. Photogrammetric Block and DSM 
Parameter 
Value 
Average height difference 
0.0035 
Calculated standard deviation 
0.0256 
Calculated F-value 
1.0475 
Critical F-value 
2.0385 
Accepted according to F-test? 
Yes 
Calculated sigma of height differences 
0.0063 
Calculated U-value 
0.5537 
Critical U-value 
2.5758 
Accepted according to U-test? 
Yes 
Table 9. QC Report of UAV Profiles 
Figure 7. Accurate 3D Vector Map over Orthophoto Mosaic 
3.2 Geofort, the Netherlands 
The Geofort is one of many fortresses of the “Dutch Waterline”. 
The Netherlands first began using water to protect the country 
during the Eighty Years' War by breaching dikes to flood 
polders. The first waterline was built in 1672 against the 
invading French forces. Flooded landscape variations such as 
rivers and dikes left some areas passable or navigable by the 
enemy, so these access points were defended by the forts where 
troops were housed and artillery was positioned. The Geofort is 
now owned by Staatsbosbeheer, a government organization 
managing natural heritages. This fortress is currently being 
transformed into an educational attraction where the public can 
discover the world of maps, navigation, virtual reality and 
photogrammetry in an easily accessible way. The aim is to open 
the fortress to the public in 2009.