The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijing 2008
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starts with the current situations in Malaysia where legal and
organization aspects are touch. Then, section 3 continues with
the solutions towards Malaysian 3D Cadastre based on the
cadastral model. Section 4 proceeds with the development of an
integrated 3D Cadastre model and finally section 5 remarks the
conclusion of the paper.
2. CURRENT SITUATION IN MALAYSIA
Malaysia is a developing country with plenty of cities all over
the country e.g. the city of Kuala Lumpur. The high rise
buildings have been built in order to optimize the limited space.
Hence, more complex buildings were being built to cater the
needs of the people e.g. businesses and residential (see Figure
2).
Figure 2: Shopping Mall (with building above road)
Major problems that will be addressed in this paper are
associates to the integration of the 2D and 3D cadastre object in
a database developed using Oracle Spatial and also the data
retrieve with the visualization of the 3D cadastre objects using
Map 3D together with the spatial and attribute information.
Cadastre system is being used for some government agencies
such as Local Authority and Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri
Malaysia (LHDNM) to support the valuation and taxes system.
In Malaysia, there are two organizations responsible on
managing and maintaining the cadastre system (Genggatharan
2005). The Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia
(DSMM) deals with the cadastral survey with high accuracy
survey determine the location, dimension and size of the
properties.
DSMM with Cadastral Survey System is responsible for
preparing, producing and managing the spatial including the
surveying and mapping of the cadastre parcels. The Land
Registration System, which is non-spatial data is being the
responsibility of the Land Office (i.e. the PTG). PTG deals with
the ownership registration, whose owns what (3R; Right,
Responsible, Restriction). Both organizations have their own
systems called CLRS (Computerised Land Registration System)
in PTG and CDMS (Cadastre Data Management System) in
DSMM. Unfortunately the systems work separately in each
organization and is still in 2D in nature (Chong, 2006). As far
as Malaysia is concerned the needs for this research output is
clearly sought after by the National Mapping Agency (NMA),
i.e. DSMM and the Land Office (LO), i.e. The Land and Mines
Office (PTG). With the rapid development of technologies and
technique, both systems could be integrated to cater the needs
of 3D properties registrations.
2.1 The Legal Aspect
The basic concept of land parcel (lot) in Malaysian land law is
the infinite ownership space defined as a cone down to the
centre of earth, with boundaries on the surface extends
vertically upwards and downwards to an extent. Its adjudication
consists of two parts, first the ascertaining of the physically
surface boundaries by surveyed boundary marks, then the
official ascertainment of rights in land via registration and issue
of documents of title.
However, it should be noted that existing Malaysian Cadastre
deals with properties located not only on the surface, but also
above and below the surface level. For all intents and purposes,
the rights and responsibilities of the proprietor of the surface
parcel shall also apply to the proprietor of the underground land.
There are also provisions to survey and issue title for strata and
stratum. The parcel is defined by the bounding floor, walls and
ceiling. Individual parcels are then issued with strata title in
accordance to a strata registration. On the other hand, the
cadastral map or Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB) is only
two-dimensional in nature. It contains neither altimetry
information nor detailed information of existing objects or
structures within the parcel area. The vertical dimensions are
only available on the strata and stratum certified plans, as
scanned images in the image library.
2.2 The Organization Aspect
The cadastral system comprises a land registration system and a
cadastral registration as key components. Land registration is a
state government responsibility while cadastral registration is
under federal responsibility.
According to Chong (2006), experiences in developed countries
have shown that stand-alone or isolated approaches where data
and processes were maintained separately are not sustainable. A
non-unified land registry system is known to have the following
shortcomings:
• Legal administrative and cadastral mapping data
integrity is not well maintained.
• Work flow, data updating and data service are less
efficient (incomplete DCDB and patches of
irregularities of CLRS and DCDB)
• Quality and consistency of information are difficult to
maintain due to parallel registration and updating
• Less cost effective (examples include overheads to deal
with two separate government departments for one land
related transaction - one might be located at the state
capital but the other at district, or extra efforts to ensure
data integrity during data exchange as both set of
records are inter-dependant)
3. SOLUTIONS TOWARDS MALAYSIAN 3D
CADASTRE
Solution towards 3D cadastre registration is to study possible
solutions in adding 3D component in current registration. Two
common 3D Cadastre Models has been study in this research.
The models are Core Cadastral Domain Model (CCDM) and
Hybrid Cadastre Data Model. These models have been used as a
platform to suit with the Malaysian cadastre system.