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Figure 4. The urban sprawl of Istanbul from 1945 to 2000 represents the high dynamic of this Mega city [Kemper 2005] 
Figure 5. Damage from the earthquake 1999, tectonic subsidence, ground liquification and the tsunami. The ship in the foreground 
thrown onshore by tsunami wave action. [Kandilli Observatory and Research Institute, [www.drgeorgepc.com/ Tsu 
nami 1999Turkey.html, accessed on 14.04.08] 
Figure 4 shows the urban development towards the more 
endangered zone for geological shocks. Istanbul’s entire 
coastline along the Sea of Marmara is urban with residential 
and industrial fabric. This stated the high risk for geological 
shocks, tsunamis and for secondary disasters. The Earthquake 
map in figure 4 gives an indication where the highest intensity 
of shock waves must be expected. The intensity is less in the 
north and is oriented with the fault-zone in parallel. 
The terrain of Istanbul is hilly and especially along the 
Bosporus are big slopes. There is a big risk for hang-slide as a 
secondary shock element. The fear for Tsunamis is big since 
through the history several big Tsunamis have been reported. 
The geological survey intensively observes the fault to detect 
potentially vertical movements. Only the vertical acceleration 
might initiate a Tsunami. A Tsunami wave grows by approach 
ing the beach. The initial amplitude depends on the shock- 
intensity, the vertical movement and the water column over the 
fault. 
The path then defines where, with which energy and when a 
Tsunami runs-up the coastline. The situation along the Bosporus 
would become critical since the height of the wave can grow by