The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijing 2008 
They need guidelines how to behave in a disaster situation and 
must have training. 
12. TRAINING AND WARNING 
As mentioned before, there must be an education of the people 
especially in the most endangered areas. How should they be 
have, where should they go and how can they assist the rescue 
teams? In Japan already the children in school learn how to re 
act during an earthquake shock and/or if a Tsunami must be ex 
pected. Trained people know when the beach fells more dry 
than normal that they should access higher terrain or upper 
floors of stabile buildings. 
IN CASE Of EARTHQUAKE, GO 
TO HIGH GROUND OR INLAND 
Figure 7. Tsunami warning board on a beach, [http://www. en- 
chantedleaming. com/subjects /tsunami/ accessed on 18.04.08) 
Warning must follow simple signs and be in languages, which 
local but also foreign people can understand easily. In cases of a 
disaster, people must be rescued but can become also part of the 
rescue system. Knowing what to do and knowing how to help 
people reduces panic and makes the rescue easier. This is a po 
litical task mainly to educate and train the people. Part of this 
training is the sensitization and information of the citizens 
where the simulations and risk-maps can help. Interactive maps, 
oblique images and 3D city-models with virtual reality simula 
tions increase the acceptance in the population for learning how 
to behave and how to assist in these situations. 
Part of the training is to understand the alarm signals, either by 
the natural signatures, as there are pre-earthquake rumours and 
vibrations, or by the water run-off at the shore. In addition, 
there must be a common alarm system that clearly indicates 
what must be expected e.g. an approaching shock within the 
next seconds or a Tsunami within the next 20 minutes. 
13. EARLY WARNING SYSTEM 
Bases on such a crisis preparedness system, an early warning 
system needs additional sensors, automated activities and a per 
fect communication system. An operational communication, e.g. 
special channels in the GSM, is essential since wired based 
communication technologies frequently become damaged by 
the earthquakes. Radio modem and GSM are the main assis 
tance then and have to be prepared and well applied. 
In the warning system, the pre-designed data are needed to set 
the right alerts at the right time on the right place. Sensors have 
to communicate with a central organisation, but in some cases a 
direct access of the warning is more efficient e.g. in Japan, the 
fast trains are stopped fully automated by an alarm sign and gas 
pipelines are closed immediately. A prepared alarm-chain has to 
be activated by the sensors. 
Funk- 
antenne cPS-Antenne 
Figure 8. Tsunami Sensors installed close to tectonic fault zones 
for detecting Tsunami waves when they start, 
[http://www.forschung.bmbf.de/de/4879.php accessed on 
18.04.08) 
We have to be aware that theses things have to be tested and 
trained by the crisis management teams and by the population 
to know what must be done if a disaster happens. 
In 2005, the Tsunami disaster at Bandah Aceh had neither a suf 
ficient alarm system nor the population has known how to be 
have. A big problem of this Tsunami disaster was the transport 
of “weapons” by the water. The transported wooden boards, 
cars, and many other things made even a 2 m flood extremely 
dangerous and destroyed more buildings than expected by water 
only. It must be part of an early warning system to get such 
“weapons” fixed, e.g. grouping cars to blocks, close shops, re 
move dangerous things inside... 
An early warning or forecast system must be based on a good 
preparedness plan. Early warning is a difficult task for earth 
quake shocks since the reaction time is extremely short and the 
activity must be designed as an automatic procedure. For Istan 
bul also the Tsunami warning needs an automated workflow 
since the wave can hit the beach already after 10-30 minutes. 
Early warning surely has limits by these short timeframes, a 
good preparedness however can give at least a chance to save 
lives and prepare for a rapid rescue. Forecast is difficult but can 
assist to set a first alarm level. 
14. FORECAST AND ALARM SENSORS 
Remote Sensing tools can assist in the forecast and support ge 
ologists to detect stress in the rocks that might lead to an earth 
quake. Radar-sensors in air- or space-borne platforms can detect 
even small changes in the surface and indicate stress by using 
interferometric methods. Frequently made observation with this 
technology give a good temporal monitoring and increase the 
accuracy. 
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