The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijing 2008 
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18. UPDATING WITH IMAGERY 
Getting the latest information of the affected area is crucial for 
managing the rescue teams. Rapid data capturing and process 
ing is a part where our discipline can contribute well. To sup 
port the Crisis Management team with new data, aerial survey 
can contribute perfectly. We have to make use of direct orienta 
tion aerial imaging systems to get referenced data as fast as 
possible. Today push broom scanners but also small, medium 
and large format digital cameras are often combined with high 
precision GPS/IMU orientation systems that finally allow rapid 
and fully automated extraction of orthorectified image data. 
These techniques are nowadays small and easy to install and 
can be adjusted to many aircrafts. Any aircraft that makes in 
spections is able to carry such a system and make images which 
are more far than documentation only. Modem GPS-IMU sys 
tems deliver the parameters for exterior orientation in real-time 
or after post processing. It means that after landing, the GPS- 
IMU Data are ready soon and connected with the Image- 
protocol and a DTM, automated tools in many photogrammetric 
softwares can create orthophotos automatically without big per 
sonal interaction. These data are not that precise as aerotriangu- 
lated images are but they enable a rapid updating of the Data 
base on the Server In the last 10 years, many automated tools 
have been developed, mainly designed for remotely sensed data 
like satellite images, to extract changes automatically. Using 
cluster analysis or any other of the many analyzing tools, they 
can indicate where e.g. destroyed buildings are. Since these op 
erations go also automatically, no personal assistance is needed. 
Within a few hours, taken imagery and their analysis can be in 
tegrated in the Data Server and becoming accessible to the res 
cue and managing teams. Using space borne data however is 
limited by the long repetition rate of the satellite platforms. Air 
borne hyper-spectral sensors however can assist perfectly in 
getting relevant data because they enable a huge combination of 
spectral bands that can indicate much more than an image alone 
can do. They support multiple cluster analysis, which more eas 
ily can detect objects or damages of interest even environmental 
disasters. Producing Lidar Data of the destroyed areas can de 
liver very dense DSMs, which easily can be validated with the 
existing DSM data on the server to produce a change map. 
It is important to produce data as fast as possible, not as accu 
rate as possible. Also the resolution should only meet the re 
quirements, e.g. images with 30 cm GSD (Ground Sampling 
Distance) are already excellent for that task. 
19. MOBILE MAPPING 
The central data-warehouse that is frequently updated needs 
also ground based information e.g. where hospitals still have 
capacities, where machines are available to make streets pass 
able, where is the helps most urgently needed. This widens the 
usability of the central Data-base. It is important that informa 
tion about operational or damaged infrastructure is supported to 
the Central Crisis Management for guiding the Rescue Teams. 
Mobile GIS used as navigation tool can be updated continu 
ously to support the teams with latest information e.g. how to 
find the last working bridges cross a river and how to access the 
next hospital. Vice versa, information of the teams can be 
transmitted to Crisis Management and/or the Server by tracking 
the rout and digitizing broken roads. This again can indicate if 
building machines are needed to repair the infrastructure to 
keep the rescue going. GIS specialists already have developed 
remotely controlled GIS applications that support the iterative 
updating of central GI Server. In addition, here the communica 
tion is important to get access to the data on the server. GPRS 
on reserved lines via local cellular providers is a good solution 
but also radio modems can solve this task. A limit can be the 
transfer rates, which mean that an intelligent file-sharing system 
must be implemented. Only updated data should be transferred 
then and best is in using vector formats. Our discipline has 
knowledge in these techniques and perfectly can contribute to 
solve this task. 
20. BUILDING OBSERVATION 
Beside the immediate updating, also the close range photo 
grammetry can assist in the damage analysis of buildings days 
or weeks after the disaster. 
After an earthquake one endeavours to construct new houses for 
the homeless people as quickly as possible or repair the build 
ings which are to be restored in a short period. This works have 
to be done very quickly to pretend other disasters or epidemics. 
During the renovation of damaged buildings, one of the prob 
lems is rapid determination of the actual state of these buildings. 
An insufficient determination of damage results can cause great 
problems later on during preparation and implementation of the 
renovation project. After the Izmit Earthquake, many buildings 
had to be validated to check their stability for further use. The 
Department for Photogrammetry of the ITU surveyed many of 
them using close range photogrammetric methods to determine 
their displacements. In cooperation with building-engineers, the 
stability of the objects were validated and steps for reconstruc 
tion defined. 
Figure 8. Handheld based Mobile GIS with editing and naviga 
tion function can assist in Crisis management for updating the 
GIS Database and navigate. [Example from GGS-Speyer, 2008]