The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B5. Beijing 2008 
The six most deteriorated images among the rotated ones were 
then excluded (images no. 11, 12, 13, 14, 16 and 18). These 
reduced twelve images versions (versions 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 
in Table 2) give better sigmaO and precision values. However, a 
systematic pattern of the image coordinate residuals still 
remains, varying from image to image. Note that version 15 
stands for the free network adjustment. After Brown’s 10 
additional parameter set, Gruen’s (1978) 44 additional 
parameter set was applied. The block-invariant 44 additional 
parameters did not compensate the systematic errors as well 
(version 12). 
3.2 Accuracy test of N93 
The accuracy test of N93, also based on block-invariant APs, 
apparently gives better results. The sigmaO is a quarter of a 
pixel. A systematic error pattern still remains in the residuals 
(Figure 7c and 7d), however, the magnitude is much less than in 
the K750i’s case. It has clearly achieved sub-millimeter 
accuracy in object space (versions 22 and 23 in Table 3) in all 
coordinate directions. 
3.3 Accuracy test of W100 
The W100 gives slightly better theoretical precision and 
empirical accuracy values than the N93 (Table 4). The standard 
deviation of image observations is in the same range with the 
N93, i.e. one quarter of a pixel. The W100 reveals similar 
residual errors like the N93 regarding the magnitude (Figure 7e 
and 7f). 
3.4 Accuracy test of F828 
The F828 gives the best performance and remarkably superior 
numbers compared to the other cameras (Table 5). SigmaO goes 
down to 1/10 of a pixel, satisfying the theoretical expectations 
of the Least Squares template matching. Also, the empirical 
RMSEs are here in much better agreement with the theoretical 
standard deviations. 
Ver 
GCP 
CHK 
TIE 
APs 
Rej 
SigmaO 
STD-X 
STD-Y 
STD-Z 
RMSE-X 
RMSE-Y 
RMSE-Z 
pm/pixel 
of CHK+TIE points (mm) 
at CHK points (mm) 
10 
87 
0 
90 
10 
0 
1.20/0.43 
0.291 
0.558 
0.251 
N.A. 
N.A. 
N.A. 
11 
87 
0 
80 
10 
26 (1) 
0.65/0.23 
0.187 
0.307 
0.161 
N.A. 
N.A. 
N.A. 
12 
87 
0 
80 
44 
26 (1) 
0.64/0.23 
0.185 
0.304 
0.159 
N.A. 
N.A. 
N.A. 
13 
44 
43 
80 
10 
25 (1) 
0.64/0.23 
0.188 
0.312 
0.163 
0.280 
0.498 
0.201 
14 
10 
77 
80 
10 
27 (1) 
0.61/0.22 
0.196 
0.318 
0.173 
0.499 
1.048 
0.501 
15 
167 
- 
free 
10 
30 (I) 
0.59/0.21 
0.174 
0.283 
0.151 
N.A. 
N.A. 
N.A. 
Table 2. Absolute accuracy test of K750i. 
Ver 
GCP/CHK/TIE 
APs 
Rej 
SigmaO 
STD 
RMSE 
: Version number 
: Number of control points / independent check points / tie points, respectively 
: Number of additional parameters 
: Rejected rays by data-snooping, rejection rule for (l) : reject all residuals >= 4xSigmaO 
: Standard deviation of image observations a posteriori 
: Average theoretical precision values of CHK/TIE/GCP coordinates 
: Empirical accuracies of CHK/GCP coordinates. 
Ver 
GCP 
CHK 
TIE 
APs 
Rej 
SigmaO 
STD-X 
STD-Y | STD-Z 
RMSE-X 
RMSE-Y 
RMSE-Z 
pm/pixel 
of CHK+TIE points (mm) 
at CHK points (mm) 
21 
87 
0 
99 
10 
0 
0.55/0.25 
0.165 
0.312 
0.139 
N.A. 
N.A. 
N.A. 
22 
44 
43 
99 
10 
0 
0.52/0.24 
0.157 
0.286 
0.133 
0.449 
0.617 
0.225 
23 
10 
77 
99 
10 
0 
0.50/0.23 
0.161 
0.284 
0.140 
0.701 
0.816 
0.203 
24 
186 
- 
free 
10 
0 
0.47/0.21 
0.144 
0.250 
0.120 
N.A. 
N.A. 
N.A. 
Table 3. Absolute accuracy test of N93 (image acquisition on 6 th February, 2007). 
Ver 
GCP 
CHK 
TIE 
APs 
Rej 
SigmaO 
STD-X 
STD-Y 
STD-Z 
RMSE-X 
RMSE-Y 
RMSE-Z 
pm/pixel 
of CHK+TIE points (mm) 
at CHK points (mm) 
31 
87 
0 
92 
10 
0 
0.59/0.27 
0.114 
0.203 
0.094 
N.A. 
N.A. 
N.A. 
32 
44 
43 
92 
10 
0 
0.55/0.25 
0.104 
0.181 
0.084 
0.298 
0.369 
0.221 
33 
10 
77 
92 
10 
0 
0.47/0.21 
0.100 
0.168 
0.085 
0.501 
0.421 
0.443 
34 
179 
- 
free 
10 
0 
0.44/0.20 
0.083 
0.140 
0.067 
N.A. 
N.A. 
N.A. 
Table 4. Absolute accuracy test of W100. 
Ver 
GCP 
CHK 
TIE 
APs 
Rej 
SigmaO 
STD-X 
STD-Y | STD-Z 
RMSE-X 
RMSE-Y 
RMSE-Z 
pm/pixel 
of CHK+TIE points (mm) 
at CHK points (mm) 
41 
87 
0 
81 
10 
0 
0.27/0.10 
0.048 
0.084 
0.041 
N.A. 
N.A. 
N.A. 
42 
44 
43 
81 
10 
0 
0.27/0.10 
0.047 
0.082 
0.040 
0.076 
0.125 
0.058 
43 
10 
77 
81 
10 
0 
0.26/0.10 
0.049 
0.084 
0.043 
0.097 
0.144 
0.134 
44 
168 
- 
free 
10 
0 
0.25/0.09 
0.043 
0.074 
0.037 
N.A. 
N.A. 
N.A. 
Table 5. Absolute accuracy test of F828. 
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