The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B5. Beijing 2008 
be rectified to the main plane of the facade. Therefore, the plane 
was defined by more than three points, which were measured in 
the point cloud and in the image. Thus, the photos were 
rectified to the main plane of the facades and shifted to parallel 
planes based on the point clouds. Based on the dense point 
clouds from the Leica HDS4500 scanners, the mapping was 
often possible without support of the photos, using just the grey 
values of the point cloud. Nevertheless, the colour photos are a 
significant support particularly for the detailed mapping of 
bricks and stones (see Figure 10). One major problem is the 
very detailed mapping of bricks and stones, which reduced the 
speed of mapping significantly. Unfortunately, the architects as 
the major clients could not be convinced to use digital 
orthophotos of the facades instead of the detailed maps in the 
scale of 1:200. An example of the final product from façade 
mapping is depicted in Figure 11, which is derived from 3D 
polylines as illustrated in Figure 12. Currently, the mapping of 
the building facades is still not finished. 
Figure 10. Detailed mapping of a building façade based on 
laser scanning data and a photogrammetric image 
25? Ada Tarakçîiar H&m Sokak RôSôvesi 
Figure 11. Part of the final product from façade mapping using 
terrestrial laser scanning data and photogrammetric images 
Figure 12. Mapped 3D polylines of facades of a building block 
6. ROOF MAPPING 
Since early July 2007 a roof mapping group was established, in 
order to measure and to model the roofs of all buildings in 3D 
within the perimeter of the Historic Peninsula project. A project 
team of five operators started the new production line after 
three days of intensive training in mid July using the Z-MAP 
Foto software (Figure 13). In the beginning UltraCamD images 
with 30cm GSD were used for data acquisition. Due to the 
limited resolution of the digital imagery it was very difficult for 
the operators to measure small roofs. As a rule of thumb, 
mapping is possible up to the map scale 1:3000 with 30cm 
ground sampling distance (GSD), which could be confirmed by 
the tests made in this group. Thus, it was decided to use higher 
resolution imagery for this task, available since mid August as 
scanned analogue colour aerial images with 9.5cm GSD. The 
photo flight has been conducted using a JenOptik LC0030 
camera (f= 305mm) at a photo scale of 1:4500. The photos were 
scanned with a resolution of 21 pm using a Zeiss SCAI scanner. 
Figure 13. 3D mapping of roofs using Menci-software Z-MAP 
Foto in stereo mode 
In this part of the project an essential quality-defining task was 
the combination of the two different data sets, from aerial 
imagery and mobile TLS, into one common data set in the same 
coordinate system without any discrepancies caused by the 
different data acquisition sources. Therefore, the orientation of 
the aerial images was transformed into the same datum as was 
used for the laser scanning data, in order to perform the 
mapping in the same coordinate system. The differences 
between façade comers and roof comers are mainly in the range 
of 20-60cm (spatial vector). The differences mainly represent 
the effect of point definition - the roof extends over the wall. In 
addition the following error sources exist: effects from datum 
transformation, accuracy of the orientation data, accuracy of the 
laser scanning data, identification of the roof comers in the 
images, definition of the roof comer and facade comer (rain 
spout), respectively. The two last sources for discrepancies 
might have the biggest influence on the accuracy of the merged 
data, which is generated from data of two different sensor