Principles of stratigraphy

Grabau, Amadeus W.

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Persistent identifier:: 183743722X

Author:: Grabau, Amadeus W.

Title:: Principles of stratigraphy

Scope:: XXXII, 1185 Seiten

Edition title:: Second edition

DOI:: 10.14463/KXP:183743722X

Year of publication:: 1924

Place of publication:: New York

Publisher of the original:: A. G. Seiler

Identifier (digital):: 183743722X

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten

Signature of the source:: a 3102,2

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: 1. Auflage 1913

Usage licence:: Public Domain Mark 1.0

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2023

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Earth sciences

Introduction

Title:: CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTORY CONSIDERATIONS.

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Introduction

about al at- nuous 30 ex- pres- )avis— 1S ob- 1t ex- arth’s > sur- IS Cl1= litho- g the layer. ed at 5 esti- tio0 of 0.8 % 1ce 1S , . the 0.0 % deep, f the feet). about th 72 land it 5.4 ussia. have drone 0,000 below 8,000 ercury yraphy of the square wrea of 28.29 THE: . EARTH 'AS A+ WHOLE 3 meters. In the southern Pacific the Tonga deep has an area of 123,000 square kilometers below 7,000 meters, and 63,000 square kilometers below 8,000 meters, while the Kermadec deep to the south of it has 137,000 square kilometers below 7,000 meters, and 78,000 square kilometers below 8,000 meters. The maximum depths of these two depressions are 9,427 and 9,413 meters, re- spectively. (Kriimmel-17,1:85.) The total area of the oceanic de- pressions below 6,000 meters is given by Penck as 10.6 million square kilometers, and by Kriimmel as 5.4 million square kilo- meters. Taking the area of the seas as a whole at 361,100,000 square kilometers, and evening out the irregularities of the bot- tom, so as to obtain a mean depth, we find this to be approximately 3,680 meters or 2,012 fathoms (see further under lithosphere). Various estimates as to the volume of the sea water as a whole have been made. The most recent of these, given by Kriimmel, places it at 1,330 million cubic kilometers. The weight of the sea water may be calculated from this by taking its average density, increased in the deeper portions by pressure, as 1.04, the result being 1.3832 X 10'® metric tons or in round numbers 138 X 10*° metric tons.* ; Transgressions and Regressions. Two types of alternation of the level of the hydrosphere are recognized: the local and the uni- versal. The former is due to slight up or down warpings or fault- ings of parts of a continent with resulting local retreat or advance of the sea. The effects of such a change will be noticed only locally and will at best be of slight amount. An example of this is shown in the periodic rising and sinking of the land in the Gulf of Naples as recorded in the ruins of the temple of Jupiter Serapis, near Pozzuoli (Lyell-18, ii Chapter XXX); or, in the Scandinavian region, where, during the last century, an area of 300,000 square kilometers rose on the average 0.7 meter, making a total elevated mass of 210 cubic kilometers. The second type of change is one that affects the entire surface of the ocean, and is best explained by a bulging up or a sinking down of the sea bottom, the result of which will be a universal rise of the sea-level and transgression over, or fall and retreat from the edge of the land. For these latter movements Suess (27, 11:680; 28, ii:534) has proposed the term: “Eustatic Movements.” The sinking of the sea bottom and consequent lowering of the level and withdrawal of the water from the land constitute negative eustatic movements, while elevation or bowing up of the sea bottom with * The metric ton contains 1,000 kilograms, equivaient to 2,204.6 pounds avoirdupois.

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