Archives; XXII Congress of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing: Commission IV

Ogleby, Cliff

Bibliographic data

Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 1032409118

Author:: Abraham, Max

Title:: Theorie der Elektrizität

Year of publication:: 1904

Place of publication:: Leipzig; Berlin

Publisher of the original:: Druck und Verlag von B. G. Teubner

Identifier (digital):: 1032409118

Language:: German

Additional Notes:: Bände 1-2 in mehreren Auflagen erschienen von 1904-1933

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 1040815928

Author:: Föppl, August

Title:: Einführung in die Maxwellsche Theorie der Elektrizität

Sub title:: mit einen einleitenden Abschnitte über das Rechnen mit Vektorgrössen in der Physik : mit 11 Figuren im Text

Scope:: XVIII, 410 Seiten

Edition title:: Vierte, umgearbeitete Auflage

DOI:: 10.14463/GBV:1040815928

Year of publication:: 1912

Place of publication:: Leipzig; Berlin

Publisher of the original:: Druck und Verlag von B. G. Teubner

Identifier (digital):: 1040815928

Illustration:: Diagramme

Signature of the source:: Phys. 4(1),4

Language:: German

Usage licence:: Public Domain Mark 1.0

Editor:: Abraham, Max

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2018

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Physics

Chapter

Title:: Erster Abschnitt. Vektoren und Vektorfelder.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Erstes Kapitel. Die Vektoren.

Write comment:: Handschriftliche Anmerkungen im Text vorhanden.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B4, 2012 XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August - 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia 461 SENSOR WEB SERVICES FOR EARLY FLOOD WARNINGS BASED ON SOIL MOISTURE PROFILES Thomas Brinkhoff 3 ' *, Stephan Jansen' 1 a Jade University Oldenburg, Institute for Applied Photogrammetry and Geoinformatics, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany - thomas.brinkhoff@jade-hs.de b OFFIS Institute for Information Technology, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany - stephan.jansen@offis.de Commission IV, WG IV/2 KEY WORDS: Sensor, Monitoring, Floods, Environment, Intemet/Web, Services, Interoperability, Visualization ABSTRACT: As result of improved computing and communication capabilities, the use of sensors and sensor networks for environmental monitoring has gained considerable importance in the recent years. For an interoperable integration of sensor data like sensor descriptions, sensor measurements and alarm events, the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) started the Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) initiative and proposed several specifications in respect to a geospatial sensor web. First implementations of SWE software frameworks are available. In this paper, we present the results of the recent WEBBOS project. Its objective was to build up a system for early flood warnings by measuring soil moisture profiles. The use of soil moisture profiles is motivated by the fact that traditional approaches like the observation of water gauges are suitable for the prediction of large-river flooding but not for smaller drainage areas. We describe the architecture of our system and how it is built up by using existing software components to a large extent. Our special focus is on the incorporation of 3D soil moisture profiles into the SWE data model, on the integration of the new OGC Sensor Event Service, and on the development of a flexible web client for mapping and other visualization purposes. 1. INTRODUCTION Recent disastrous floodings have demonstrated the demand for early flood warnings. This need will be enforced by the expected climate change that probably leads to more torrential rain. In general, flood forecasts concentrate on large rivers considering water gauges. However, there exist a large number of smaller drainage areas with a size of 100 to 1000 square kilometers. In such areas, disastrous drainages may happen after heavy rain that cannot reasonably be observed by gauges because the water level changes very fast what prevents warnings to be made in time. Thus, the creation of early flood warnings for small drainage areas is still an unsolved challenge. One promising approach for solving this problem is the observation of the soil humidity because that measure decides how much of the precipitation will drain off. WEBBOS is a joint project of the Mannheim University of Applied Sciences and the Oldenburg University of Applied Sciences funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. It has the objective to build a web- based sensor system for early flood warnings by measuring soil moisture profiles. Within this project, special sensors measuring the soil humidity in different depths have been developed and successfully tested. These sensors were integrated into sensor nodes that form local sensor networks. Such a sensor network should be located in an area with a high variety of soil humidity. Like in other early-warning and disaster management systems, it is important to incorporate the sensor measurements into a geospatial information service that allows managing sensor data. This encloses the visualization of the sensor measurements and the control of the soil humidity sensors as well as the detection and processing of alarm events. Interoperability is an important issue for such systems. Therefore, the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) started the Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) initiative some years ago and specified several services and data models in the meantime (Botts et al, 2006). WEBBOS implemented its information system using those specifications and a popular open-source SWE framework. Many standard requirements can be solved by such an approach without additional efforts. However, often there are important demands that need more sophisticated solutions. Those cases and their solutions for the WEBBOS project will be discussed in this paper. One important aspect is that the use of soil moisture profiles requires temporal 3D measurements and 3D models of soil humidity for each sensor network: Only the relation and difference between the humidity in different depths and their development over the time allow detecting relevant events. The temporal aspect is sufficiently covered by the current SWE specifications. However, these specifications and their implementation are mainly 2D-oriented. Another important issue for early-warning and disaster management systems is the detection of potentially dangerous situations. This requires the description and detection of spatio- temporal events. For this purpose, the OCG recently proposed the Sensor Event Service (SES) (Echterhoff & Everding, 2008) together with the Event Pattern Markup Language (EML) (Everding & Echterhoff, 2008). Until now, only few applications of the SES exist. Thus, the experience is limited. * Corresponding author.

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