Systems for data processing, anaylsis and representation

Allam, Mosaad; Plunkett, Gordon

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Persistent identifier:: 1067490280

Title:: Systems for data processing, anaylsis and representation

Sub title:: ISPRS Commission II Symposium : June 6 - 10, Ottawa, Canada

Scope:: 1 Online-Ressource (XX, 530 Seiten)

Year of publication:: 1994

Place of publication:: Ottawa

Publisher of the original:: The Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada

Identifier (digital):: 1067490280

Illustration:: Illustrationen

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(30,2)

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Erscheinungsdatum des Originals ist aus dem Copyrightjahr ermittelt.

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Allam, Mosaad; Plunkett, Gordon

Corporations:: Symposium Systems for Data Processing, Analysis and Representation, 1994, Ottawa; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Instrumentation for Data Reduction and Analysis; Kanada, Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing Sector

Adapter:: Symposium Systems for Data Processing, Analysis and Representation, 1994, Ottawa; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Instrumentation for Data Reduction and Analysis; Kanada, Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing Sector

Founder of work:: Symposium Systems for Data Processing, Analysis and Representation, 1994, Ottawa; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Instrumentation for Data Reduction and Analysis; Kanada, Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing Sector

Other corporate:: Symposium Systems for Data Processing, Analysis and Representation, 1994, Ottawa; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Instrumentation for Data Reduction and Analysis; Kanada, Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing Sector

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2019

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: [Thursday, June 9, 1994]

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: [Session J-1 WG II/2 - Hardware and Software Aspects of GIS - Part B]

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: INTEGRATED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (IGIS): STATUS AND RESEARCH ISSUES Manfred Ehlers, David R. Steiner [...] and Nickolas Faust [...]

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

yy Advances ms. Progress in etween systems y are ceasing to gen im Bereich nd die Basis für geographische erwischen. Wir three business ] workshop on ic Information rith the ‘Second for Marine and ticipants from rorkshop which tel on February on a variety of nges faced by rk in Belgium, y, Norway, and Jed functional sing GIS; the echniques such ind numerical se of temporal and challenges countries; and Jlications. rporations also n, which was a poster session was also held, at which seven posters were presented on diverse areas of application. Proceedings for the workshop will be published later this year (Ehlers, et al., 1994). Another workshop on 'Visualization and GIS' is tentatively scheduled for May of 1995 in Germany. 20 SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES A critical review of the systems aspect for the processing of geographic data reveals that progress in this area has been primarily driven by advances in technology. These advances come from fields remote sensing, photogrammetry, surveying, or mapping. In particular, progress in computer science and the major acceptance of geographic information systems (GIS) as a unifying technology are challenging the "separation of disciplines". Consequently, the shift toward integrated systems for processing of geoinformation is driven by advances outside the disciplines traditionally represented by ISPRS. It is, however, imperative that ISPRS responds to these technological challenges. We need an integrated approach for research, development, and education in geoinformation processing which might be coined "geoinformatics". If we do not aggressively adopt such an integration, photogrammetry and remote sensing might end up as minor subareas within computer science and informatics. In the following sections we will try to summarize advances in hardware and software which generally apply to all systems involved in geoinformation processing. 2.1 Hardware Advances 11.1 Computational Power. The advances in speed and power of computers have been phenomenal. Processor speed has approximately doubled every year since 1986. General purpose RISC processors are available with speeds in the range between 25 and 100 MIPS (million instructions per second). Graphics and image processing computers running at 300 MIPS (e.g. Vitec or Silicon Graphics) are available. These computers are programmable and can be used for a wide variety of tasks (Faust, et al., 1991a). Concurrent with advances in the workstation or minicomputer processing power, advances are being realized in the PC class. The Intel 80486 and Pentium and the Motorola 68040 and PowerPC chip are providing the power to do tasks which have been traditionally reserved for mini or mainframe computers. Almost all general purpose computers have been, until recently, single CPU computers. The availability of multi-processor machines is becoming more common. There are already several machines on the market such as the NCUBE/10, Sun Sparc10 and others. These increases in power in off-the-shelf hardware mean that is no longer necessary to design and build single purpose image processing or geographic information systems. The days of the dedicated image processing station are rapidly disappearing. 2.1.2 Scanning Technology. Scanning is a widely accepted technique for the input data into a geoinformation processing system. It is often used to input map data from hardcopy to a GIS. Due to the unfortunate lack of operational digital aerial cameras, it is also the most common approach to acquiring data for a digital photogrammetric system. In order to achieve the resolution of an analog photo in a digital image, it must be scanned at approx. 10mm (2500 dpi) (Ehlers, 1991). While there are a number of scanners available which are capable of such resolutions (i.e. Zeiss Photoscan, HAI 100, Vexel), they are quite expensive. For many applications, however, it is not necessary to have a digital product with the full resolution of an aerial photo. The field of desktop publishing has, to a large degree, driven most of the recent advances in desktop scanning. Users in this field have demanded, and received, higher resolution, color capability and lower cost. Manufacturers are now offering scanners that offer resolutions of 600 or 1200 dpi in format sizes suitable for scanning aerial photos which are as much as an order of magnitude cheaper than those offered specifically for photogrammetric use. For applications not requiring full photographic resolution, the results obtainable from desktop scanners offer suitable resolution and accuracy (Sarjakowski and Lammi, 1991). 2.1.3 Storage Capacity. The analysis of geographic data requires the storage of large amounts of data. Advances in disk drive and other mass storage technology have kept up with those in the processor field. We have progressed from a point where 50 MB of hard disk storage required a cubic meter or more to being able to store 1.2 GB on a 3-1/2" hard drive that occupies about 0.2 cubic meters (in external configurations). The form factor for hard drives continues to decrease along with the increase in capacity. 3-1/2", 500 MB drives are common and smaller drives are being developed and introduced. Other forms of magnetic media have also advanced. The 3-1/2", 1.2 or 1.4 MB floppy is the defacto standard. Magnetic tape systems such as the Exabyte are capable of storing 5 GB of data on a cartridge (with compression) that is roughly the size of an audio cassette. Optical or magneto-optical (M-O) storage is further increasing storage capacity. CD-ROM and WORM (Write Once, Read Many) drives are commonly used for archiving data. M-O systems with read/write capabilities currently store 650 MB per disk and, with foreseen technical advances, this is expected to increase to 10 GB within the next 5 years. When coupled with juke box mechanism, users will have access to 100's of gigabytes 377

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