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Close-range imaging, long-range vision

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fullscreen: Close-range imaging, long-range vision

Monograph

Persistent identifier:: 1067858350

Title:: Close-range imaging, long-range vision

Sub title:: proceedings of the ISPRS Commission V symposium : September 2 - 6, 2002, Corfu, Greece

Scope:: 1 Online-Ressource (xii, 621 Seiten)

Year of publication:: 2002

Place of publication:: Thessaloniki

Publisher of the original:: Publ. ZITI

Identifier (digital):: 1067858350

Illustration:: Illustrationen

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(34,5)

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Erscheinungsdatum des Originals ist aus dem Copyrightjahr ermittelt.

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Corporations:: Symposium Close-Range Imaging, Long-Rang Vision, 2002, Kerkira; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical Commission Close Range Techniques and Machine Vision; Technikon Epimeltrion ts Hellados (Griechische Kammer der Technik)

Adapter:: Symposium Close-Range Imaging, Long-Rang Vision, 2002, Kerkira; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical Commission Close Range Techniques and Machine Vision; Technikon Epimeltrion ts Hellados (Griechische Kammer der Technik)

Founder of work:: Symposium Close-Range Imaging, Long-Rang Vision, 2002, Kerkira; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical Commission Close Range Techniques and Machine Vision; Technikon Epimeltrion ts Hellados (Griechische Kammer der Technik)

Other corporate:: Symposium Close-Range Imaging, Long-Rang Vision, 2002, Kerkira; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical Commission Close Range Techniques and Machine Vision; Technikon Epimeltrion ts Hellados (Griechische Kammer der Technik)

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2019

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: WGV/2 Scene Modelling and Virtual Reality

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: FAST RECOVERY OF IMAGE ORIENTATION USING VIRTUAL URBAN MODELS Charalampos Georgiadis, Anthony Stefanidis, Peggy Agouris

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Close-range imaging, long-range vision
Cover
ColorChart
Title page
ISPRS Council 2000 - 2004
ISPRS Commission V Symposium: CLOSE-RANGE IMAGING, LONG-RANGE VISION
President's Invitation
Contents
WGV/1: Automation for Vision Metrology Systems and Industrial Applications
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR REMOTE CONTROL OF DIGITAL METRIC CAMERAS VIA LAN AND INTERNET Ingo Bock, Guenter Pomaska
IMPROVING THE ROBUSTNESS OF LEAST SQUARES TEMPLATE MATCHING WITH A LINE-SEARCH ALGORITHM Niclas Börlin
SEMI AUTOMATIC REGISTRATION OF LASER SCANNER DATA S. T. Dijkman, F. A. van den Heuvel
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SYSTEM FOR CLOSE RANGE INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS B. Ergün’, M. O. Altan
GEOMETRIC INFORMATION FROM SINGLE UNCALIBRATED IMAGES OF ROADS L. Grammatikopoulos, G. E. Karras, E. Petsa
IMAGE-VARIANT INTERIOR ORIENTATION AND SENSOR MODELLING OF HIGH-QUALITY DIGITAL CAMERAS H. Hastedt, Th. Luhmann, W. Tecklenburg
REAL-TIME PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ALGORITHMS FOR ROBOT CALIBRATION J. Hefele
PERFORMANCE OF CIRCULAR IMAGE BLOCKS IN CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY Jussi Heikkinen
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE KODAK DCS PRO BACK Ralf Jantos, Thomas Luhmann, Jürgen Peipe, Carl-Thomas Schneider
METHOD FOR ON-LINE CALIBRATION FOR AUTOMOBILE OBSTACLE DETECTION SYSTEM V. A. Knyaz
NEW SYSTEM OF DIGITAL CAMERA CALIBRATION, DC-1000 T. Noma, H. Otani, T. Ito, M. Yamada, N. Kochi
ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENTS FOR AUTOMATED OFF-LINE VISION METROLOGY J. O. Otepka, H. B. Hanley, C. S. Fraser
ACCURACY OF DENSE SURFACE MEASUREMENTS IN AN INTEGRA TED PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND MACHINE VISION FRAMEWORK H. Papadaki
A NEW “DIGITAL FILTER” FOR EXTRACTING CONJUGATE POINTS ON EPIPOLAR STEREO IMAGES P. Patias, V. Tsioukas, L. Sechidis
Automated Point Measurement of Dynamic Skin Membrane Surfaces Utilizing a Dot Projection Photogrammetric Technique Gary Robertson
ENHANCED MULTI-CLUSTER ANM FOR STEREO MATCHING M. Sakamoto, W. Lu, Y. Kosugi
CHARACTERISATION AND TRACKING OF MEMBRANE SURFACES AT NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER Mark R. Shortis, Stuart Robson, Richard S. Pappa, Thomas W. Jones and William K. Goad
STUDY ON VISUAL TRAVERSE BY LASER SCANNING SENSOR R. Tanaka, H. Yokoyama, H. Chikatsu
AUTOMATIC HIERARCHICAL OBJECT DECOMPOSITION FOR OBJECT RECOGNITION M. Ulrich, A. Baumgartner, C. Steger
COMPARISION OF DIFFERENT SENSOR TYPES AND VALIDATION OF AN APPROACH FOR MULTI SENSOR FUSION A. Wendt, C. Rosing, M. Weisensee
USE OF DLT IN PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METROLOGY Zeroual I. Liazid A.
RECONSTRUCTING TEXTURED CAD MODEL OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT USING VEHICLE-BORNE LASER RANGE SCANNER AND LINE CAMERAS Huijing Zhao, Ryosuke Shibasaki
CAR COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM BASED ON ORTHOPHOTO TRANSFORMATION S. Yu. Zheltov, A. V. Sybiryakov, O. V. Vygolov
WGV/2 Scene Modelling and Virtual Reality
SINGLE IMAGE AND TOPOLOGY APPROACHES FOR MODELING BUILDINGS O. Al Khalil & P. Grussenmeyer
TOWARDS AUTOMATED SEGMENTATION OF DENSE RANGE SCANS Jan Böhm
SEMI-AUTOMATIC 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF OCCLUDED AND UNMARKED SURFACES FROM WIDELY SEPARATED VIEWS Sabry F. El-Hakim
Dynamic trapezoidal maps for coarse perspective models in indoor scenes Javier Finat, Margarita Gonzalo-Tasis, Maria J. Antolinez Susana Aguilar
Title: A fast self-organized iconic segmentation and grouping based in color Javier Finat, Margarita Gonzalo-Tasis and Alejandro Viloria.
LASER SCANNER APPLICATION ON COMPLEX SHAPES OF ARCHITECTURE. PROFILES EXTRACTION PROCESSING AND 3D MODELLING. Luigi FREGONESE [...] Cristiana ACHILLE [...]
FAST RECOVERY OF IMAGE ORIENTATION USING VIRTUAL URBAN MODELS Charalampos Georgiadis, Anthony Stefanidis, Peggy Agouris
SCENE MODELING BY USING VIDEO CAMERA Tsukasa Hosmura, Tetsuo Ohta
PHOTOREALISTIC OBJECT RECONSTRUCTION USING COLOR IMAGE MATCHING Yasemin Kuzu
FLEXIBLE 3-D MODELLING OF HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS WITH CONSTRAINED VIEWPOINT AND MULTIPLE UNKNOWNS Christophe Leroux, Philippe Even, Anne Lottin, Rodolphe Gelin, Jean Marc Idasiak, Jean François Boissonneau, Michel Jeanjacques
Bundle Orientation and 3-D Object Reconstruction from Multiple-Station Panoramic Imagery Thomas Luhmann, Werner Tecklenburg
A NEW METHOD TO CREATE A GEOMETRICALLY CORRECTED IMAGE OF A DIGITAL CAMERA Ryuji Matsuoka, Kiyonari Fukue, Kohei Cho, Haruhisa Shimoda, Yoshiaki Matsumae, Kenji Hongo, Naoki Shirai
VIEW SYNTHESIS WITH THE TRIFOCAL TENSOR FROM UNCALIBRATED IMAGERY Helmut Mayer, Wolfram Büchner, Thomas Riegel
MOBILE MAPPING FROM STEREO OMNI-DIRECTIONAL VISION S. Ozawa, I. Miyagawa, K. Wakabayashi, T. Arikawa
A GENERIC 3D MODEL FOR AUTOMATED BUILDING ROOF RECONSTRUCTION S. Scholze, T. Moons, L. Van Gool
CALIBRATION OF AN SEM, USING A NANO POSITIONING TILTING TABLE AND A MICROSCOPIC CALIBRATION PYRAMID Olaf Sinram, Martin Ritter, S. Kleindiek, A. Schertel, H. Hohenberg and J. Albertz
3D OBJECT RECONSTRUCTION IN CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROBLEMS E. Stylianidis, P. Patias
EXTRACTION OF BUILDING FOOTPRINTS FROM AIRBORNE LASER SCANNER DATA AND ORTHO IMAGE Hiroshi TAKEDA Naoko KURISAKI Wentao CHE
TOWARDS AUTOMATIC RELATIVE ORIENTATION FOR ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY Frank A. van den Heuvel
KNOWLEDGE-BASED AUTOMATIC 3D LINE EXTRACTION FROM CLOSE RANGE IMAGES S. Zlatanova and F. A. van den Heuvel
WGV/3 Medical Image Analysis and Human Motion
MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF HUMAN FACES FROM MULTI IMAGES Nicola D'Apuzzo
REPRESENTING THE HUMAN VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH THE USE OF X-RAY PICTURES Á. Detrekói, K. Fekete, Z. Tóth, O. Alhusain, A. Juhász, I. Stuber, Á. Rakusz
3D Brain Volume and Surface Visualization with CT and MR Images for Diagnosing Abnormal Structures: Integration with Photogrammetric Techniques (EXTENDED SUMMARY) S. Dogan, M. O. Altan
MARKERLESS FULL BODY SHAPE AND MOTION CAPTURE FROM VIDEO SEQUENCES P. Fua, A. Gruen, N. D'Apuzzo, R. Plänkers
SONOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND IMAGING FEATURES IN THE EVALUATION OF ACUTE SCROTAL PATHOLOGY IN CHILDREN Katsimba D., Tzouveleki M., Miliou Th., Christopoulos S.
A ROBUST PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SYSTEM FOR WOUND MEASUREMENT A. Malian, F. A. van den Heuvel, A. Azizi
ON THE APPLICATION FOR ROAD STRUCTURE IN DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOTION USING HVT SYSTEM T. Odake, H. Chikatsu
A CONCEPT WORK FOR AUGMENTED REALITY VISUALISATION BASED ON A MEDICAL APPLICATION IN LIVER SURGERY Tim Suthau, Marcus Vetter, Peter Hassenpflug, Hans-Peter Meinzer, Olaf Hellwich
ANALYSIS OF TIME-SPACE EFFECT OF WALKING USING ACCELEROMETERS AND GYRO SENSOR SYSTEM Masako Tsuruoka, Yuriko Tsuruoka, Ryosuke Shibasaki, Yoshifumi Yasuoka, Shunji Murai
WGV/4 Image Analysis and Spatial Information Systems for Applications in Cultural Heritage
NEW FRONTIERS TO ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY: LASER SCANNER 3D Prof. L. Andreozzi, L. Barnobi, A. Giuffrida, C. Santagati
DIGITAL ORTOPHOTO OF SAN MARCO’S BASILICA IN VENICE G. Auditore, D. Miniutti, L. Pilot
THE PROMOTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE THROUGH INTERNET USING ADVANCED AUDIO-VISUAL INFORMATION: THE VENETIAN CASTLES OF PELOPONNISOS E. Bakourou, V. Tsioukas, I. Katzougraki, E. Stylianidis, K. Papadimitriou, P. Patias
LASER APPLICATIONS FOR 3D SURVEY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE C. Balletti, F. Guerra
GIS DESIGN USING HIGH GEOMETRIC RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGES AND HYPERSPECTRAL AIRBORNE DATA P. Boccardo, F. Giulio Tomolo, A. Spanò
AUTOMATIC REGISTRATION OF 3-D VIEWS R. Bologna, A. Guarnieri, M. Minchilli, A. Vettore
HIGH RESOLUTION DIGITAL IMAGE ORIENTATION USING LASER SCANNER DATA Leandro Bornaz, Andrea Lingua, Fulvio Rinaudo
WEB ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FROM UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY. AN APPLICATION ON TWO ROMAN WRECKS Marco Canciani, Pamela Gambogi, Pierre Drap
SURVEYING METHODS OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE FOR A GIS IMPLEMENTATION M. Caprioli, R. Bologna, A. Scognamiglio
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RECENT HIGH RESOLUTION AMATEUR CAMERAS AND APPLICATION TO MODELING OF HISTORICAL STRUCTURE Hirofumi Chikatsu, Yoichi Kunii
UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND XML BASED DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM: The case of the 'Grand Ribaud F' Etruscan wreck Pierre Drap, Emmanuel Bruno, Luc Long, Anne Durand, Pierre Grussenmeyer
‘ARPENTEUR’ AS WEB BASED PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PACKAGE: TOWARDS INTEROPERABILITY THROUGH A XML STRUCTURE FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DATA Pierre Drap, Pierre Grussenmeyer, Gilles Gaillard
USING 3D GIS FOR DOCUMENTATION OF HISTORICAL MONUMENT Zaide DURAN & Gönül TOZ
NON-METRIC BIRD'S EYE VIEW Prof. A. Georgopoulos, M. Modatsos
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE GREAT BUDDHA OF BAMIYAN, AFGHANISTAN A. Gruen, F. Remondino, L. Zhang
URBAN CONSERVATION STUDY BASED ON COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN TECHNIQUES:A CASE OF ZEYREK/ISTANBUL N. Zeren Gülersoy, T. K. Koramaz
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR THE ON SITE DOCUMENTATION OF THE OASIS OF SIRWAH IN THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN J. Heckes, A. Hornschuch, U. Kapp, N. Röring
COMBINATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND EASY-TO-USE NON-METRIC METHODS FOR THE DOCUMENTATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS Guido HEINZ
RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT OLYMPIA IN 3D COMPUTER GRAPHICS A Landscape Analysis of Classical Site Juko ITO, Kohei IWABUCHI
THE DIGITAL DATABASE IN ARCHAEOLOGY Paul F. Jacobs
DOCUMENTATION AND VISUALIZATION OF HISTORICAL CITY CENTERS: A MULTI-SENSOR APPROACH FOR A NEW TECHNOLOGICAL PARADIGM P. Patias, G. Karapostolou, P. Simeonidis
GEOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF A VISIBLE-NIR VIDEO CAMERA J. L. Lerma, L. A. Ruiz, F. Buchón, R. Pons, M. Galindez
Application of Computer Technic in the Reconstruct of Chinese Ancient Buildings Deren Li, Yixuan Zhu, Jie Yang, Fuling Bian
VIRTUALISATION OF AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE E. S. Malinverni, G. Gagliardini, G. Fangi
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ORTHOIMAGING D. Mavromati, E. Petsa, G. E. Karras
New Perspectives for Environmental Archaeological GIS Yoshito MIYATSUKA
3D MODELS GENERATION FROM LASER SCANNER DATA TO SUPPORT DIGITAL ORTHOPHOTO 3D: The mosaic surface of the floor of S. Marcus Basilica in Venice. Carlo MONTI [...] Raffaella BRUMANA [...] Luigi FREGONESE [...] Carlo SAVI [...] Christiana ACHILLE [...]
Experimentation of a georeferencing methodology for the Cultural Heritage of Lombardia (Italy) Carlo MONTI [...] Raffaella BRUMANA [...] Carlo SAVI [...] Luigi FREGONESE [...] Christiana ACHILLE [...] Giada MONTI [...] Caterina BALLETTI [...] Giovanni AUDITORE [...]
DIGITAL INFORMATION UTILIZATION ON PRESERVATION MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES Syozo NISHIMURA, Sunaryo SUMITRO
IMAGE COMBINATION INTO LARGE VIRTUAL IMAGES FOR FAST 3D MODELLING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Maria Pateraki, Emmanuel Baltsavias, Petros Patias
SATELLITES IMAGES OF VERY HIGH RESOLUTION ON THE STUDY OF MONUMENTS AND HISTORICAL CENTERS AND THEIR WIDE SURROUNDINGS Patmios E, Lazaridou M.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ROMAN WAREHOUSES IN ANCONA HARBOUR Fausto Pugnaloni and Roberto Papa
A SOLUTION FOR IMAGE ORIENTATION OF CLOSE RANGE BLOCKS M. Scaioni, G. Forlani
MAPPING EXCAVATIONS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES USING CLOSE RANGE PHOTOS K. Tokmakidis, D. Scarlatos
FITTING, PORTAYAL AND MAPPING FOR THE PRODUCTION OF 2nd ORDER SURFACES PHOTOMOSAICS Artemis Valanis
DOCUMENTATION of HISTORICAL SITES by COMBINING MODERN PHOTOGRAMMETRIC and LASER TECHNOLOGY E. Vozikis, C. Boletis, J. Petrogonas
POTENTIAL OF GIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY: A CASE STUDY IN AICHI, JAPAN- Nobuya Watanabe, [...] Hiroyuki Yoshida, [...]
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS ON THE GENERATION OF DIGITAL SURFACE MODELS OF FACADES USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES Albert Wiedemann
REFIND ORTHO IMAGING AND MODELLING OF RELICS USING HIGH RESOLUTION AMATEUR CAMERA Hiroshi YOKOYAMA, Hirofumi CHIKATSU
WGV/5 Quick Response and Distributed Computing for Close-Range Applications
AUTOMATED APPEARANCE-BASED BUILDING DETECTION IN TERRESTRIAL IMAGES Jan Böhm, Norbert Haala, Peter Kapusy
INVARIANT REPRESENTATIONS FOR PUNCTUAL AND LOCAL GROUPING CRITERIA IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Isidro de Paz, Javier Finat and Margarita Gonzalo-Tasis
AUTOMATIC CITY MODELLING BY ROBUST LINE MATCHING USING HIGH VISION AIR-BORNE IMAGERY Y. Kunii, H. Chikatsu
A NEW ALGORITHM FOR IMAGE RETRIEVAL FROM IMAGE SEQUENCE Hongchao Ma, Deren Li
WET LAND AND SALT CRUST FORMATION BASED ON LANDSAT TM DATA Alavi Panah, S.K.
SUMMARIZING THE CONTENT OF MOTION IMAGERY DATASETS Anthony Stefanidis, Peggy Agouris, Panos Partsinevelos
OPTIMIZING POINT NETWORKS FOR CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY: FIRST TEST RESULTS E. Tung, J. Friedrich, F. Karsli, E. Ayhan
WGV/6 Visualization and Animation
THE WELL PROMISING FLASHPIX IMAGE FORMAT O. Georgoula, P. Patias
THE MEDIEVAL FORTRESS KUFSTEIN, AUSTRIA - AN EXAMPLE FOR THE RESTITUTION AND VISUALIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE Klaus Hanke, Michael Oberschneider
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT CALIBRATION MODELS FOR SEE-THROUGH HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAYS USED FOR AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATIONS Johannes Leebmann
COMPUTER AIDED MAKING UP FOR HUMAN FACE USING GEO-SIMULATOR Shunji MURAI, Akira TSUTUMI, Masanobu KOBAYASHI, Yousuke SEKI
ON DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND PLAN SYSTEM FOR MAP PRODUCTION Kazuya NAKANO, Kosuke TSURU
LASER SCANNING AND VISUALISATION OF AN AUSTRALIAN ICON: NED KELLY'S ARMOUR Cliff Ogleby
3D-VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES - THE COMPLETE LIST - W. Schuhr, E. Kanngieser
A NEW PERSPECTIVE FOR THE VISUALIZATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC DATA V. Tsioukas, K. Papadopoulos, M. Daniil, E. Daniil
ICWG V/III Image Sequence Analysis
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES FOR VEHICLE MANOEUVRES RECOGNITION WITH SEQUENTIAL IMAGES FROM HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORMS T. Fuse, E. Shimizu, R. Maeda
CONSTRUCTION OF CITY MODEL BY MOTION Yousuke Kashimoto, Heitoh Zen
METHOD OF THE CURRENT PITCH ANGLE VALUE CALCULATION ON THE BASIS OF PASSIVE SENSORS DATA PROCESSING IN INTELLIGENT DRIVING SYSTEMS V. M. Lisitsyn, K. V. Obrosov, A. A. Spiridonov, S. V. Tikhonova
VIDEO-TO-3D Marc Pollefeys, Luc Van Gool, Maarten Vergauwen, Kurt Cornelis, Frank Verbiest, Jan Tops
CAMERA CALIBRATION BY ROTATION Petteri Pöntinen
IMAGE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS FOR HUMAN BODY RECONSTRUCTION Fabio Remondino
IMAGE SEQUENCE MATCHING FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE SURFACES F. Santel, C. Heipke, S. Könnecke, H. Wegmann
3D PARTICLE TRACKING VELOCIMETRY BASED ON IMAGE AND OBJECT SPACE INFORMATION J. Willneff
URBAN 3D MAPPING FROM AERIAL IMAGE SEQUENCES Guoqing Zhou
Keywords Index
Authors Index
Cover

Full text

  
  
  
MI acquisition with GPS-enabled sensors 
Y 
Approximate camera orientation (azimuth 
detection) by comparing a video frame to the 
corresponding synthetic panorama image. 
v 
Absolute orientation of the frame and filing of the 
orientation with time information for further 
processing 
v 
Change Detection 
v 
VR Model Update 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Figure 1: Flowchart for VR model updates using motion 
imagery (MI). 
In this paper we present an innovative approach for the fast 
recovery of azimuth information of MI datasets in large urban 
scenes, making use of a pre-existing VR model (the second box 
of the process outlined in Fig. 1, marked by bold lettering). The 
paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we present an 
overview of the current state-of-the-art in VR modeling of 
large-scale urban scenes. In Section 3 we address the 
hierarchical analysis of scene content, and present metrics that 
we have developed to compare object configurations 
considering distances and relative orientations between objects. 
We present experimental results in Section 4 and conclude with 
comments and future work plans in Section 5. 
2. LARGE-SCALE VR MODELS OF URBAN SCENES 
Arguably the premier effort in this direction is the collaborative 
effort of the groups of Bill Jepson and Richard Muntz at UCLA 
for the development of Virtual LA, a large scale virtual model of 
the city of Los Angeles (see e.g. [Jepson et al., 1996] and the 
web site www.aud.ucla.edu/-bill/UST.html). The photorealistic 
3D model of LA was created using aerial and street-level 
imagery, and is used to support a variety of cross-disciplinary 
simulations (e.g. evaluating urban planning, and rehearsing 
emergency response actions). From a research point of view the 
major strength of this effort lies in the development of a system 
to support interactive navigation over the entire model by 
integrating many smaller models (over a dozen models) into a 
large virtual environment. The UCLA team is currently working 
towards extending this model to cover the complete LA basin, 
an area in excess of 4,000 square miles. Further plans are to 
extend coverage beyond LA to San Diego and Las Vegas. 
Other notable efforts focus on image analysis issues to create 
3D urban scene models. They include the work of [Brenner, 
2000] on the automatic 3D reconstruction of complex urban 
scenes using height data from airborne laser scanning and the 
groundplans of buildings as they are provided by existing 2D 
GIS or map data. Height data are used to create a digital 
elevation model (DEM) of the city, and a photorealistic virtual 
city model is generated by projecting onto this DEM aerial or 
terrestrial images. This approach has been used to create a 
virtual model of the city of Stuttgart (Germany), covering more 
than 5000 buildings in an area of 2km x 3km [Haala & Brenner, 
1999]. Before the work of the Stuttgart group, the group of 
Gruen at ETH (Zurich) had worked on the integration of terrain 
imagery and aerial-sensor-derived 3D city models [Gruen et al., 
1996; Gruen & Wang, 1999]. 
Similar approaches have been followed in the UK to develop 
virtual models of the city of Bath, covering several square 
kilometers of the historic center of the city at sub-meter 
resolution [Day et al., 1996], in Austria to establish models of 
the cities of Graz and Vienna [Ranzinger & Gleixner 1997], and 
in Australia to develop a 3D GIS model for the city of Adelaide 
[Kirkby et al 1997]. 
Notable work on city modeling has also been performed by the 
MIT group of Seth Teller, focusing mostly on image capturing, 
sensor calibration, and scene modeling using specially 
developed equipment like the Argus camera and the roaming 
platform of Rover [Coorg & Teller, 1999; Antone & Teller, 
2000]. Argus is a high-resolution digital camera mounted on a 
small mobile platform and wheeled around campus. It 
incorporates specialized instrumentation to estimate the 
geolocation of exposure station and camera orientation 
parameters for each image acquired. Rover is a controlled 
vehicle used to acquire geo-referenced video images of interiors 
and exteriors. 
3. HIERARCHICAL SCENE ANALYSIS 
At the center of our work is the development of an efficient 
approach for the multiresolutional analysis of scene content, to 
compare the content of an incoming image to a synthetic view 
provided by the virtual model. What is needed is an efficient 
technique to proceed from scenes and abstract object relations 
(e.g. topology, orientation) to objects and their specific 
properties (e.g. shape, pixel values). 
Scale space theory has provided the field of image processing 
with a formal framework to describe the decomposition of the 
content of raster datasets as function of changes in a scale 
parameter [Lindeberg, 1994]. The GIS community has also 
produced substantial work on higher-level abstraction concepts 
by modeling object relations like topology and direction (see 
e.g. [Egenhofer & Franzosa, 1991; Goyal & Egenhofer, 2000]). 
However, there still exists a gap between these two 
communities that does not allow us to move from pixels to 
abstract descriptions of image contents. Our work in this paper 
attempts to bridge this gap by using GIS concepts to support 
image matching. 
We base our work on an extension of our recent efforts on 
developing scale- and orientation-independent metrics for scene 
similarity [Stefanidis et aL, 2002]. More specifically, we 
presented metrics that quantify abstract measures of similarity 
between two scenes making use of shape, topology, orientation, 
and distance metrics. A combinatorial expression for all these 
properties was introduced by [Blaser, 2000] to function within a 
general query-by-sketch environment. The function combines 
similarity metrics for individual object shapes and relations 
—162—

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