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Close-range imaging, long-range vision

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fullscreen: Close-range imaging, long-range vision

Monograph

Persistent identifier:: 1067858350

Title:: Close-range imaging, long-range vision

Sub title:: proceedings of the ISPRS Commission V symposium : September 2 - 6, 2002, Corfu, Greece

Scope:: 1 Online-Ressource (xii, 621 Seiten)

Year of publication:: 2002

Place of publication:: Thessaloniki

Publisher of the original:: Publ. ZITI

Identifier (digital):: 1067858350

Illustration:: Illustrationen

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(34,5)

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Erscheinungsdatum des Originals ist aus dem Copyrightjahr ermittelt.

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Corporations:: Symposium Close-Range Imaging, Long-Rang Vision, 2002, Kerkira; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical Commission Close Range Techniques and Machine Vision; Technikon Epimeltrion ts Hellados (Griechische Kammer der Technik)

Adapter:: Symposium Close-Range Imaging, Long-Rang Vision, 2002, Kerkira; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical Commission Close Range Techniques and Machine Vision; Technikon Epimeltrion ts Hellados (Griechische Kammer der Technik)

Founder of work:: Symposium Close-Range Imaging, Long-Rang Vision, 2002, Kerkira; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical Commission Close Range Techniques and Machine Vision; Technikon Epimeltrion ts Hellados (Griechische Kammer der Technik)

Other corporate:: Symposium Close-Range Imaging, Long-Rang Vision, 2002, Kerkira; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical Commission Close Range Techniques and Machine Vision; Technikon Epimeltrion ts Hellados (Griechische Kammer der Technik)

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2019

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: WGV/2 Scene Modelling and Virtual Reality

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: VIEW SYNTHESIS WITH THE TRIFOCAL TENSOR FROM UNCALIBRATED IMAGERY Helmut Mayer, Wolfram Büchner, Thomas Riegel

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Close-range imaging, long-range vision
Cover
ColorChart
Title page
ISPRS Council 2000 - 2004
ISPRS Commission V Symposium: CLOSE-RANGE IMAGING, LONG-RANGE VISION
President's Invitation
Contents
WGV/1: Automation for Vision Metrology Systems and Industrial Applications
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR REMOTE CONTROL OF DIGITAL METRIC CAMERAS VIA LAN AND INTERNET Ingo Bock, Guenter Pomaska
IMPROVING THE ROBUSTNESS OF LEAST SQUARES TEMPLATE MATCHING WITH A LINE-SEARCH ALGORITHM Niclas Börlin
SEMI AUTOMATIC REGISTRATION OF LASER SCANNER DATA S. T. Dijkman, F. A. van den Heuvel
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SYSTEM FOR CLOSE RANGE INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS B. Ergün’, M. O. Altan
GEOMETRIC INFORMATION FROM SINGLE UNCALIBRATED IMAGES OF ROADS L. Grammatikopoulos, G. E. Karras, E. Petsa
IMAGE-VARIANT INTERIOR ORIENTATION AND SENSOR MODELLING OF HIGH-QUALITY DIGITAL CAMERAS H. Hastedt, Th. Luhmann, W. Tecklenburg
REAL-TIME PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ALGORITHMS FOR ROBOT CALIBRATION J. Hefele
PERFORMANCE OF CIRCULAR IMAGE BLOCKS IN CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY Jussi Heikkinen
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE KODAK DCS PRO BACK Ralf Jantos, Thomas Luhmann, Jürgen Peipe, Carl-Thomas Schneider
METHOD FOR ON-LINE CALIBRATION FOR AUTOMOBILE OBSTACLE DETECTION SYSTEM V. A. Knyaz
NEW SYSTEM OF DIGITAL CAMERA CALIBRATION, DC-1000 T. Noma, H. Otani, T. Ito, M. Yamada, N. Kochi
ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENTS FOR AUTOMATED OFF-LINE VISION METROLOGY J. O. Otepka, H. B. Hanley, C. S. Fraser
ACCURACY OF DENSE SURFACE MEASUREMENTS IN AN INTEGRA TED PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND MACHINE VISION FRAMEWORK H. Papadaki
A NEW “DIGITAL FILTER” FOR EXTRACTING CONJUGATE POINTS ON EPIPOLAR STEREO IMAGES P. Patias, V. Tsioukas, L. Sechidis
Automated Point Measurement of Dynamic Skin Membrane Surfaces Utilizing a Dot Projection Photogrammetric Technique Gary Robertson
ENHANCED MULTI-CLUSTER ANM FOR STEREO MATCHING M. Sakamoto, W. Lu, Y. Kosugi
CHARACTERISATION AND TRACKING OF MEMBRANE SURFACES AT NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER Mark R. Shortis, Stuart Robson, Richard S. Pappa, Thomas W. Jones and William K. Goad
STUDY ON VISUAL TRAVERSE BY LASER SCANNING SENSOR R. Tanaka, H. Yokoyama, H. Chikatsu
AUTOMATIC HIERARCHICAL OBJECT DECOMPOSITION FOR OBJECT RECOGNITION M. Ulrich, A. Baumgartner, C. Steger
COMPARISION OF DIFFERENT SENSOR TYPES AND VALIDATION OF AN APPROACH FOR MULTI SENSOR FUSION A. Wendt, C. Rosing, M. Weisensee
USE OF DLT IN PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METROLOGY Zeroual I. Liazid A.
RECONSTRUCTING TEXTURED CAD MODEL OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT USING VEHICLE-BORNE LASER RANGE SCANNER AND LINE CAMERAS Huijing Zhao, Ryosuke Shibasaki
CAR COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM BASED ON ORTHOPHOTO TRANSFORMATION S. Yu. Zheltov, A. V. Sybiryakov, O. V. Vygolov
WGV/2 Scene Modelling and Virtual Reality
SINGLE IMAGE AND TOPOLOGY APPROACHES FOR MODELING BUILDINGS O. Al Khalil & P. Grussenmeyer
TOWARDS AUTOMATED SEGMENTATION OF DENSE RANGE SCANS Jan Böhm
SEMI-AUTOMATIC 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF OCCLUDED AND UNMARKED SURFACES FROM WIDELY SEPARATED VIEWS Sabry F. El-Hakim
Dynamic trapezoidal maps for coarse perspective models in indoor scenes Javier Finat, Margarita Gonzalo-Tasis, Maria J. Antolinez Susana Aguilar
Title: A fast self-organized iconic segmentation and grouping based in color Javier Finat, Margarita Gonzalo-Tasis and Alejandro Viloria.
LASER SCANNER APPLICATION ON COMPLEX SHAPES OF ARCHITECTURE. PROFILES EXTRACTION PROCESSING AND 3D MODELLING. Luigi FREGONESE [...] Cristiana ACHILLE [...]
FAST RECOVERY OF IMAGE ORIENTATION USING VIRTUAL URBAN MODELS Charalampos Georgiadis, Anthony Stefanidis, Peggy Agouris
SCENE MODELING BY USING VIDEO CAMERA Tsukasa Hosmura, Tetsuo Ohta
PHOTOREALISTIC OBJECT RECONSTRUCTION USING COLOR IMAGE MATCHING Yasemin Kuzu
FLEXIBLE 3-D MODELLING OF HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS WITH CONSTRAINED VIEWPOINT AND MULTIPLE UNKNOWNS Christophe Leroux, Philippe Even, Anne Lottin, Rodolphe Gelin, Jean Marc Idasiak, Jean François Boissonneau, Michel Jeanjacques
Bundle Orientation and 3-D Object Reconstruction from Multiple-Station Panoramic Imagery Thomas Luhmann, Werner Tecklenburg
A NEW METHOD TO CREATE A GEOMETRICALLY CORRECTED IMAGE OF A DIGITAL CAMERA Ryuji Matsuoka, Kiyonari Fukue, Kohei Cho, Haruhisa Shimoda, Yoshiaki Matsumae, Kenji Hongo, Naoki Shirai
VIEW SYNTHESIS WITH THE TRIFOCAL TENSOR FROM UNCALIBRATED IMAGERY Helmut Mayer, Wolfram Büchner, Thomas Riegel
MOBILE MAPPING FROM STEREO OMNI-DIRECTIONAL VISION S. Ozawa, I. Miyagawa, K. Wakabayashi, T. Arikawa
A GENERIC 3D MODEL FOR AUTOMATED BUILDING ROOF RECONSTRUCTION S. Scholze, T. Moons, L. Van Gool
CALIBRATION OF AN SEM, USING A NANO POSITIONING TILTING TABLE AND A MICROSCOPIC CALIBRATION PYRAMID Olaf Sinram, Martin Ritter, S. Kleindiek, A. Schertel, H. Hohenberg and J. Albertz
3D OBJECT RECONSTRUCTION IN CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROBLEMS E. Stylianidis, P. Patias
EXTRACTION OF BUILDING FOOTPRINTS FROM AIRBORNE LASER SCANNER DATA AND ORTHO IMAGE Hiroshi TAKEDA Naoko KURISAKI Wentao CHE
TOWARDS AUTOMATIC RELATIVE ORIENTATION FOR ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY Frank A. van den Heuvel
KNOWLEDGE-BASED AUTOMATIC 3D LINE EXTRACTION FROM CLOSE RANGE IMAGES S. Zlatanova and F. A. van den Heuvel
WGV/3 Medical Image Analysis and Human Motion
MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF HUMAN FACES FROM MULTI IMAGES Nicola D'Apuzzo
REPRESENTING THE HUMAN VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH THE USE OF X-RAY PICTURES Á. Detrekói, K. Fekete, Z. Tóth, O. Alhusain, A. Juhász, I. Stuber, Á. Rakusz
3D Brain Volume and Surface Visualization with CT and MR Images for Diagnosing Abnormal Structures: Integration with Photogrammetric Techniques (EXTENDED SUMMARY) S. Dogan, M. O. Altan
MARKERLESS FULL BODY SHAPE AND MOTION CAPTURE FROM VIDEO SEQUENCES P. Fua, A. Gruen, N. D'Apuzzo, R. Plänkers
SONOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND IMAGING FEATURES IN THE EVALUATION OF ACUTE SCROTAL PATHOLOGY IN CHILDREN Katsimba D., Tzouveleki M., Miliou Th., Christopoulos S.
A ROBUST PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SYSTEM FOR WOUND MEASUREMENT A. Malian, F. A. van den Heuvel, A. Azizi
ON THE APPLICATION FOR ROAD STRUCTURE IN DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOTION USING HVT SYSTEM T. Odake, H. Chikatsu
A CONCEPT WORK FOR AUGMENTED REALITY VISUALISATION BASED ON A MEDICAL APPLICATION IN LIVER SURGERY Tim Suthau, Marcus Vetter, Peter Hassenpflug, Hans-Peter Meinzer, Olaf Hellwich
ANALYSIS OF TIME-SPACE EFFECT OF WALKING USING ACCELEROMETERS AND GYRO SENSOR SYSTEM Masako Tsuruoka, Yuriko Tsuruoka, Ryosuke Shibasaki, Yoshifumi Yasuoka, Shunji Murai
WGV/4 Image Analysis and Spatial Information Systems for Applications in Cultural Heritage
NEW FRONTIERS TO ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY: LASER SCANNER 3D Prof. L. Andreozzi, L. Barnobi, A. Giuffrida, C. Santagati
DIGITAL ORTOPHOTO OF SAN MARCO’S BASILICA IN VENICE G. Auditore, D. Miniutti, L. Pilot
THE PROMOTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE THROUGH INTERNET USING ADVANCED AUDIO-VISUAL INFORMATION: THE VENETIAN CASTLES OF PELOPONNISOS E. Bakourou, V. Tsioukas, I. Katzougraki, E. Stylianidis, K. Papadimitriou, P. Patias
LASER APPLICATIONS FOR 3D SURVEY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE C. Balletti, F. Guerra
GIS DESIGN USING HIGH GEOMETRIC RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGES AND HYPERSPECTRAL AIRBORNE DATA P. Boccardo, F. Giulio Tomolo, A. Spanò
AUTOMATIC REGISTRATION OF 3-D VIEWS R. Bologna, A. Guarnieri, M. Minchilli, A. Vettore
HIGH RESOLUTION DIGITAL IMAGE ORIENTATION USING LASER SCANNER DATA Leandro Bornaz, Andrea Lingua, Fulvio Rinaudo
WEB ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FROM UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY. AN APPLICATION ON TWO ROMAN WRECKS Marco Canciani, Pamela Gambogi, Pierre Drap
SURVEYING METHODS OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE FOR A GIS IMPLEMENTATION M. Caprioli, R. Bologna, A. Scognamiglio
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RECENT HIGH RESOLUTION AMATEUR CAMERAS AND APPLICATION TO MODELING OF HISTORICAL STRUCTURE Hirofumi Chikatsu, Yoichi Kunii
UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND XML BASED DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM: The case of the 'Grand Ribaud F' Etruscan wreck Pierre Drap, Emmanuel Bruno, Luc Long, Anne Durand, Pierre Grussenmeyer
‘ARPENTEUR’ AS WEB BASED PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PACKAGE: TOWARDS INTEROPERABILITY THROUGH A XML STRUCTURE FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DATA Pierre Drap, Pierre Grussenmeyer, Gilles Gaillard
USING 3D GIS FOR DOCUMENTATION OF HISTORICAL MONUMENT Zaide DURAN & Gönül TOZ
NON-METRIC BIRD'S EYE VIEW Prof. A. Georgopoulos, M. Modatsos
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE GREAT BUDDHA OF BAMIYAN, AFGHANISTAN A. Gruen, F. Remondino, L. Zhang
URBAN CONSERVATION STUDY BASED ON COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN TECHNIQUES:A CASE OF ZEYREK/ISTANBUL N. Zeren Gülersoy, T. K. Koramaz
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR THE ON SITE DOCUMENTATION OF THE OASIS OF SIRWAH IN THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN J. Heckes, A. Hornschuch, U. Kapp, N. Röring
COMBINATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND EASY-TO-USE NON-METRIC METHODS FOR THE DOCUMENTATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS Guido HEINZ
RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT OLYMPIA IN 3D COMPUTER GRAPHICS A Landscape Analysis of Classical Site Juko ITO, Kohei IWABUCHI
THE DIGITAL DATABASE IN ARCHAEOLOGY Paul F. Jacobs
DOCUMENTATION AND VISUALIZATION OF HISTORICAL CITY CENTERS: A MULTI-SENSOR APPROACH FOR A NEW TECHNOLOGICAL PARADIGM P. Patias, G. Karapostolou, P. Simeonidis
GEOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF A VISIBLE-NIR VIDEO CAMERA J. L. Lerma, L. A. Ruiz, F. Buchón, R. Pons, M. Galindez
Application of Computer Technic in the Reconstruct of Chinese Ancient Buildings Deren Li, Yixuan Zhu, Jie Yang, Fuling Bian
VIRTUALISATION OF AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE E. S. Malinverni, G. Gagliardini, G. Fangi
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ORTHOIMAGING D. Mavromati, E. Petsa, G. E. Karras
New Perspectives for Environmental Archaeological GIS Yoshito MIYATSUKA
3D MODELS GENERATION FROM LASER SCANNER DATA TO SUPPORT DIGITAL ORTHOPHOTO 3D: The mosaic surface of the floor of S. Marcus Basilica in Venice. Carlo MONTI [...] Raffaella BRUMANA [...] Luigi FREGONESE [...] Carlo SAVI [...] Christiana ACHILLE [...]
Experimentation of a georeferencing methodology for the Cultural Heritage of Lombardia (Italy) Carlo MONTI [...] Raffaella BRUMANA [...] Carlo SAVI [...] Luigi FREGONESE [...] Christiana ACHILLE [...] Giada MONTI [...] Caterina BALLETTI [...] Giovanni AUDITORE [...]
DIGITAL INFORMATION UTILIZATION ON PRESERVATION MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES Syozo NISHIMURA, Sunaryo SUMITRO
IMAGE COMBINATION INTO LARGE VIRTUAL IMAGES FOR FAST 3D MODELLING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Maria Pateraki, Emmanuel Baltsavias, Petros Patias
SATELLITES IMAGES OF VERY HIGH RESOLUTION ON THE STUDY OF MONUMENTS AND HISTORICAL CENTERS AND THEIR WIDE SURROUNDINGS Patmios E, Lazaridou M.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ROMAN WAREHOUSES IN ANCONA HARBOUR Fausto Pugnaloni and Roberto Papa
A SOLUTION FOR IMAGE ORIENTATION OF CLOSE RANGE BLOCKS M. Scaioni, G. Forlani
MAPPING EXCAVATIONS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES USING CLOSE RANGE PHOTOS K. Tokmakidis, D. Scarlatos
FITTING, PORTAYAL AND MAPPING FOR THE PRODUCTION OF 2nd ORDER SURFACES PHOTOMOSAICS Artemis Valanis
DOCUMENTATION of HISTORICAL SITES by COMBINING MODERN PHOTOGRAMMETRIC and LASER TECHNOLOGY E. Vozikis, C. Boletis, J. Petrogonas
POTENTIAL OF GIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY: A CASE STUDY IN AICHI, JAPAN- Nobuya Watanabe, [...] Hiroyuki Yoshida, [...]
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS ON THE GENERATION OF DIGITAL SURFACE MODELS OF FACADES USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES Albert Wiedemann
REFIND ORTHO IMAGING AND MODELLING OF RELICS USING HIGH RESOLUTION AMATEUR CAMERA Hiroshi YOKOYAMA, Hirofumi CHIKATSU
WGV/5 Quick Response and Distributed Computing for Close-Range Applications
AUTOMATED APPEARANCE-BASED BUILDING DETECTION IN TERRESTRIAL IMAGES Jan Böhm, Norbert Haala, Peter Kapusy
INVARIANT REPRESENTATIONS FOR PUNCTUAL AND LOCAL GROUPING CRITERIA IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Isidro de Paz, Javier Finat and Margarita Gonzalo-Tasis
AUTOMATIC CITY MODELLING BY ROBUST LINE MATCHING USING HIGH VISION AIR-BORNE IMAGERY Y. Kunii, H. Chikatsu
A NEW ALGORITHM FOR IMAGE RETRIEVAL FROM IMAGE SEQUENCE Hongchao Ma, Deren Li
WET LAND AND SALT CRUST FORMATION BASED ON LANDSAT TM DATA Alavi Panah, S.K.
SUMMARIZING THE CONTENT OF MOTION IMAGERY DATASETS Anthony Stefanidis, Peggy Agouris, Panos Partsinevelos
OPTIMIZING POINT NETWORKS FOR CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY: FIRST TEST RESULTS E. Tung, J. Friedrich, F. Karsli, E. Ayhan
WGV/6 Visualization and Animation
THE WELL PROMISING FLASHPIX IMAGE FORMAT O. Georgoula, P. Patias
THE MEDIEVAL FORTRESS KUFSTEIN, AUSTRIA - AN EXAMPLE FOR THE RESTITUTION AND VISUALIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE Klaus Hanke, Michael Oberschneider
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT CALIBRATION MODELS FOR SEE-THROUGH HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAYS USED FOR AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATIONS Johannes Leebmann
COMPUTER AIDED MAKING UP FOR HUMAN FACE USING GEO-SIMULATOR Shunji MURAI, Akira TSUTUMI, Masanobu KOBAYASHI, Yousuke SEKI
ON DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND PLAN SYSTEM FOR MAP PRODUCTION Kazuya NAKANO, Kosuke TSURU
LASER SCANNING AND VISUALISATION OF AN AUSTRALIAN ICON: NED KELLY'S ARMOUR Cliff Ogleby
3D-VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES - THE COMPLETE LIST - W. Schuhr, E. Kanngieser
A NEW PERSPECTIVE FOR THE VISUALIZATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC DATA V. Tsioukas, K. Papadopoulos, M. Daniil, E. Daniil
ICWG V/III Image Sequence Analysis
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES FOR VEHICLE MANOEUVRES RECOGNITION WITH SEQUENTIAL IMAGES FROM HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORMS T. Fuse, E. Shimizu, R. Maeda
CONSTRUCTION OF CITY MODEL BY MOTION Yousuke Kashimoto, Heitoh Zen
METHOD OF THE CURRENT PITCH ANGLE VALUE CALCULATION ON THE BASIS OF PASSIVE SENSORS DATA PROCESSING IN INTELLIGENT DRIVING SYSTEMS V. M. Lisitsyn, K. V. Obrosov, A. A. Spiridonov, S. V. Tikhonova
VIDEO-TO-3D Marc Pollefeys, Luc Van Gool, Maarten Vergauwen, Kurt Cornelis, Frank Verbiest, Jan Tops
CAMERA CALIBRATION BY ROTATION Petteri Pöntinen
IMAGE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS FOR HUMAN BODY RECONSTRUCTION Fabio Remondino
IMAGE SEQUENCE MATCHING FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE SURFACES F. Santel, C. Heipke, S. Könnecke, H. Wegmann
3D PARTICLE TRACKING VELOCIMETRY BASED ON IMAGE AND OBJECT SPACE INFORMATION J. Willneff
URBAN 3D MAPPING FROM AERIAL IMAGE SEQUENCES Guoqing Zhou
Keywords Index
Authors Index
Cover

Full text

fundamental 
= 0 with A 
- vector cor- 
9-matrix A, 
The SVD of 
and diagonal 
ned equation 
he condition 
1e column of 
ilar value, of 
the system is 
solution for 
‘2. Using the 
. This results 
'eal solutions 
he Carlsson- 
1995). This 
s. The basic 
being viewed 
is means, the 
be employed 
pyramids we 
the efficiency 
least-squares 
stner operator 
of the match- 
iere no reduc- 
s, is yet avail- 
al least-square 
ipproximation 
relation score 
irselves in the 
'est points and 
n even-spaced 
ental matrices. 
by taking into 
| matrices. For 
cal tensor. On 
n the epipolar 
ositions in the 
rified by least 
Section 4.1). If 
e solution non- 
ley and Zisser- 
1ize the twelve 
and the 24 pa- 
cal tensor. On 
e, We compute 
a rotation ma- 
ey make up the 
[0]. Finally, 
to improve the results, the three parameters of the rotation matrix 
and the two parameters of the translation vector are optimized by the 
non-linear Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. If no calibration infor- 
mation is available, we assume that both images are taken with the 
same camera without modifications. We further assume that princi- 
pal point equals the image center, that there is no sheer, i.e., zp, = 0, 
yn — 0and s = 0, the focal length c = 1 and the pixels are 
square. We provisionally calibrate the fundamental matrix with these 
assumptions and when optimizing by the Levenberg-Marquardt al- 
gorithm we vary two additional parameters describing c as well as 
the relation of the width and the height of a pixel. 
The approach was implemented in C++ using the linear algebra 
package LAPACK interfaced by the template numerical toolkit 
(TNT; math.nist.gov/tnt). For image processing we employ HAL- 
CON (www.mvtec.com). A result for the estimation of the trifocal 
tensor with a quadratic search space covering 50% of the image area 
is presented in Figure 2. 
5 DISPARITY ESTIMATION 
To utilize the point transfer described in Section 3, the coordinates of 
homologous points need to be known. We generate them by disparity 
estimation. Opposed to optical flow estimation we take into account 
that points can only be homologous if they are on the corresponding 
epipolar line in the other image. This constraint is taken into account 
by epipolar resampling. 
Our approach for disparity estimation can deal with strong occlu- 
sions and large disparity ranges also for details, i.e., very tiny struc- 
tures in the image. It is built upon (Zitnick and Kanade, 2000). 
The main idea is a cooperation between support and inhibition 
(cf. Fig. 3). The support region is a 2D- or usually 3D-box. All 
matching scores in this box corroborate to generate a disparity map 
which is locally continuous. When employing a 3D-box also sloped 
regions are implicitly modeled. 
Support Inhibition 
disparity 
   
—_— ——— 
width width 
Figure 3: Support and inhibition 
Inhibition enforces the uniqueness of a match. Assuming opaque 
and non-reflecting surfaces, a ray of view emanating from a cam- 
era will hit the scene only at one point. The idea is to gradually 
weight down all matches on a ray of view besides the strongest. For 
a stereo pair there are two rays (cf. Fig. 3). We store the matching 
scores in a 3D array where for every pixel in the left/reference im- 
age the matching score is stored as third dimension (cf. also Fig. 4). 
Therefore, for the left image the ray of view is just a column in the 
2D-slice of width and disparity. Because we work in disparity and 
not in depth space, the ray of view of the right image consists of the 
45? Jeft-slanted diagonal going through the pixel of interest. Putting 
everything together, the support Sy, for a pixel at row r and column 
c with disparity d is defined as 
TTT EN EZ 
/ 
Generation 
staff sheet box 
| (mete | | Hor 
height 
| | Update 
pue bv 8 (11 à 
fi EF » LB p 
S 
Et s cd 
Edd subtract f add £7 
Figure 4: Separation of 3 x 3 x 3 box: Generation and update 
Ls(r 4- r',ct cdd), 
Sn(r,c,d) = y 
(r',c',d')ee 
with L,, the score for the preceding iteration and ® the support re- 
gion (usually a box). The new score for iteration n + 1 is obtained 
as 
œ 
Sy, (ried) 
, 
Sn (r^. en d") 
(r^ c^ ,d")ev 
  
Lt (7, C, d) = Lo(r, C, d) 3 
with V the union of the left and right inhibition region and o an 
exponent controling the speed of convergence. o has to be chosen 
greater than 1 to make the scores converge to 1. The multiplication 
with the original matching scores Lo avoids hallucination in weak 
matching areas. Finally, for each pixel of the left image the disparity 
is chosen which has the maximum score. Practically, it is important 
to correct the inhibition value for the fact that on the left and the right 
side of the image a number of pixels depending on search width 
and offset are not matched and therefore do not contribute to the 
inhibition. 
A critical parameter is the disparity range as it defines the search 
space in the image. We automatically estimate it from the mean 
and the standard deviation of the disparities for a number of sample 
lines. This works relatively robustly and considerably reduces the 
computation time. For the matching scores we employ (normalized) 
cross-correlation optimized by separating the operations for mean 
and variance computation. 
Filtering with a 3D box-filter based on simple summation is highly 
redundant. Even though this is true also for 2D, we restrict the pre- 
sentation to 3D. To get rid of this redundancy, we separate the filter 
into one-dimensional (1D) staffs and 2D sheets. By adding pixels 
on top of each other we generate staffs (cf. Fig. 4). From them we 
build sheets and finally from the sheets the box. The important part 
is updating. To filter with a translated box, instead of adding sheets 
we add a (new) sheet on one side and subtract the (old) sheet on the 
other side. The same can be done for the sheets and the staffs. By 
this means the complexity becomes independent of the size of the 
box. 
We have also automated the setting of one important parameter, 
namely the number of iterations, by mapping it to the problem 
of convergence determination. For the latter also parameters are 
needed, but our empirical investigations show that they are relatively 
independent from the images at hand. To determine the convergence, 
we compute the difference image of the disparity maps from the two 
—195—

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