Proceedings, XXth congress: Proceedings, XXth congress

Altan, M. Orhan

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 1663674213

Title:: Proceedings, XXth congress

Sub title:: Istanbul, 12 - 23 July 2004

Year of publication:: 2004

Place of publication:: Istanbul

Publisher of the original:: [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]

Identifier (digital):: 1663674213

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Erscheinungsdatum des Originals ist aus dem Copyrightjahr ermittelt.; Auch bezeichnet als XXth International Congress for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Editor:: Altan, M. Orhan

Corporations:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 20., 2004, Istanbul; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Primary Data Acquisition

Adapter:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 20., 2004, Istanbul; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Primary Data Acquisition

Founder of work:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 20., 2004, Istanbul; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Primary Data Acquisition

Other corporate:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 20., 2004, Istanbul; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Primary Data Acquisition

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 166368779X

Title:: Proceedings, XXth congress

Scope:: IV, 226 Seiten

Year of publication:: 2004

Place of publication:: Istanbul

Publisher of the original:: [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]

Identifier (digital):: 166368779X

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(35,B8)

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Erscheinungsdatum des Originals ist aus dem Copyrightjahr ermittelt.

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Altan, M. Orhan

Corporations:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 20., 2004, Istanbul; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Adapter:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 20., 2004, Istanbul; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Founder of work:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 20., 2004, Istanbul; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Other corporate:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 20., 2004, Istanbul; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2019

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: PHOTOREALISTIC BUILDING MODELING AND VISUALIZATION IN 3-D GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Yonghak Song, Jie Shan

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

PHOTOREALISTIC BUILDING MODELING AND VISUALIZA TION IN 3-D GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Yonghak Song Jie Shan Geomatics Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA — (song10, jshan)@ecn.purdue.edu TS 1 YF KEY WORDS: Photorealistic, 3-D, Geographic information systems, Visualization, Building modeling, Texture mapping. ABSTRACT: Despite geospatial information systems are widely used in many different fields as a powerful tool for spatial analysis and decision- making, their capabilities to handle realistic 3-D urban environment are very limited. The objective of this work is to integrate the recent developments in 3-D modeling and visualization into GIS to enhance its 3-D capabilities. To achieve a photorealistic view, building models are collected from a pair of aerial stereo images. Roof and wall textures are respectively obtained from ortho- rectified aerial image and ground photography. This study is implemented by using ArcGIS as the work platform and ArcObjects and Visual Basic as development tools. Presented in this paper are 3-D geometric modeling and its data structure, texture creation and its association with the geometric model. As the results, photorealistic views of Purdue University campus are created and rendered with ArcScene. 1. INTRODUCTION Three-dimensional (3-D) photorealistic visualization is one of the most important functionalities in geospatial information system (GIS). Such 3-D photorealistic visualization is able to provide geospatial information for easy human perception. It is helpful in geospatial information interpretation and the decision making process (El-Hakim, 1998). Through the past years, many successful models are developed to represent typical geospatial features such as terrain, road, water body, vegetation and many others. However, these are primarily 2- D or 2.5-D in nature. 3-D features like buildings may not be represented well by existing 2-D data structures and tools (Braun, et, al, 1995). An effective geometric modeling approach is needed to model the spatial location and the topology of buildings. In addition, this model should also be extended to include other information for buildings, such as attributes and image textures for query and visualization purpose. Using image as texture will not only increase the realism of the model but also enable the viewing of details. It improves the interpretability; in other words, the relationship between objects can be perceived easily and reliably when photorealistic models are used in visualization (Varshosaz, 2003). Although there are a lot of advanced studies in computer graphics and commercial products in computer industry, they do not typically handle geospatial information and can not be easily integrated into existing GIS packages to enhance its visualization capability, which is becoming a demanding functionality in processing 3-D geospatial information. On the other hand, GIS is a popular and standard system with powerful 2-D spatial analysis capabilities. However, its 3-D functionality is very limited where photorealistic visualization is certainly a very useful addition. The objective of this study is therefore to develop a 3-D data structure, incorporate it into GIS and implement it for 3-D photorealistic visualization to enhance current GIS capabilities. We first discuss the suitability of the geometric building models to be used for 3-D modeling and visualization. Then, a 3-D geometric approach for building modeling is proposed. Under this model, a building is composed of two parts; roof and (vertical) walls. To achieve photorealistic visualization, these 3- D geometric models are extended through texture mapping with aerial photos for roof and ground photos for walls. In addition, the algorithm associating geometric models with corresponding texture images is discussed. After photorealistic building model and appearance are achieved through modeling and texturing, we discuss how to integrate 3D building model with other geospatial data to generate the entire urban model. These developments are integrated into ArcGIS package to enhance its 3-D visualization capabilities. Precise texture generation and automatic texture mapping are discussed as an important procedure to achieve high quality visualization effect. To demonstrate and evaluate our developments, photorealistic virtual campus models over Purdue University are presented. 2. GEOMETRIC BUILDING MODELS Most GIS packages are designed for modeling terrain and other 2-D features. It is therefore not suitable for building modelling. In such data models, the 3-rd dimension usually is obtained by vertically extruding the 2-D footprint. In this approach, only horizontally flat roofs or piecewise horizontally flat roofs can be modeled. Hence we need a true 3-D model and incorporate it into GIS. There are many methods to model 3-D objects, such as wire- frame model, surface model, and solid model. Usually GIS packages use surface model and solid model is widely used in the field of CAD (Computer Aided Design) and computer graphics. Recent trend is to adopt the solid model to represent buildings under CAD environment. The solid model such as CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry) and B-rep (Boundary representation) are very suitable to represent objects with complex geometry and their physical characteristics. However, it requires large memory and is relatively slow in displaying because of the complex data structures and evaluation of the data during rendering. Figure 1 shows the wire frame model and the surface model for the same group of buildings. In the wire frame model, edges are formed from vertices and no explicit information exists about faces of the object. The dot symbol in

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