XXII ISPRS Congress 2012: Technical Commission VII

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Persistent identifier:: 1663813779

Title:: XXII ISPRS Congress 2012

Sub title:: Melbourne, Australia, 25 August-1 September 2012

Year of publication:: 2013

Place of publication:: Red Hook, NY

Publisher of the original:: Curran Associates, Inc.

Identifier (digital):: 1663813779

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Kongress-Thema: Imaging a sustainable future

Corporations:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Adapter:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Founder of work:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Other corporate:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 1663821976

Title:: Technical Commission VII

Scope:: 546 Seiten

Year of publication:: 2013

Place of publication:: Red Hook, NY

Publisher of the original:: Curran Associates, Inc.

Identifier (digital):: 1663821976

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(39,B7)

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Erscheinungsdatum des Originals ist ermittelt.; Literaturangaben

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Corporations:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Adapter:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Founder of work:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Other corporate:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2019

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: [VII/2: SAR INTERFEROMETRY]

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: AIRBORNE X-HH INCIDENCE ANGLE IMPACT ON CANOPY HEIGHT RETREIVAL: IMPLICATIONS FOR SPACEBORNE X-HH TANDEM-X GLOBAL CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL M. Lorraine Tighe, Doug King, Heiko Balzter, Abderrazak Bannari, Heather McNairn

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

result in a larger range of height errors across the swath, but this effect will be less pronounced in multi-pass (e.g. NEXTMap) since the imagery produced is averaged from multiple data takes that are not aligned (Woodhouse et al., 2006). This hypothesis is examined in this paper. 3. STUDY SITES Three research sites are located in the United States (Minnesota [2], Arizona [1]) and were selected because the bio-geophysical characteristics of these sites provided a unique opportunity to evaluate X-HH InSAR multi-pass data aggregated (called NEXTMap) and single-pass (Intermap’s non-commercial data) dataset as a source for high-resolution vegetation canopy height estimates across a range of vegetation densities and structural classes, as well as under a variety of topographic conditions and environments (arid and temperate). A description of the three sites is presented below. 3.1 Ely, Minnesota The first site is situated in the temperate climate between 473130" N and 47/5230" N and 9137/30" W and 9152730" W near the city of Ely, Minnesota. It is comprised of dense homogenous coniferous and deciduous forests as well as mixed forests with little understory. The common species are red pine (Pinus resinosa), white pine (Pinus strobus), black spruce (Picea mariana), and red maple (Acer rubrum). The site covers an area of 169.8 km? and is dominated by rolling topography with irregular slopes (0-18.7) and many craggy outcrops of bedrock. The elevation range is 422 — 506 m. 3.2 International Falls, Minnesota The International Falls, Minnesota, site is located between 483000" N and 4837730" N and 931500" W and 93 30700" W. It represents more of a pure coniferous site than the Ely site. Forests are dominated by coniferous species such as white pine, white spruce (Picea glauca), and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) with a mixture of white pine, red pine, and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) more prominent in the eastern portion. The site was 16.35 km^ and situated on a lake plain with topographic variation of less than 30 m and slopes less than 15. 3.3 Southern Arizona The Arizona site is located near the Mexican border between 312250" N and 3145'00" N and 11014'53" W and 1113742" W. It represents a hot arid environment with a diverse range of vegetation types on flat to steep terrain. The vegetation classes are predominately grassland (e.g. Bouteloua curtipendula and Schizachyrium scoparium), shrub / scrub (e.g. thornscrub (Canotia holacantha)), and coniferous forests, with minor coverage of wetlands, bare earth, and urban development. Woody species dispersed throughout the area include various species of oak (Quercus spp.), juniper (Juniperu spp.), desert riparian cottonwoods (Populus fremontii), Goodding willow (Salix gooddingi), Arizona ash (Fraxinus velutina), Arizona walnut (Juglans major), Arizona sycamore (P/atanus wrightii), Mexican elder (Sambucus mexicana), and velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina). The site is approximately 1,484 km? with a range of elevations from 931 m in the plains to 1762 m in the mountains and rolling topography of irregular slopes (0-28). 4. DATASETS Digital elevation models (DEMs) are topographic models of the earth's terrain representing either bare earth or surface International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B7, 2012 XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August — 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia elevations. DEMs typically are offered as a continuous elevation surface (Podobnikar, 2009). DEMs with elevations of vegetation, buildings, and other cultural features digitally removed are referred to as digital terrain models (DTMs), whereas those that have maintained heights of features above the ground are called digital surface models (DSMs). Intermap has created a continental U.S. database of X-HH InSAR derived DTM and DSM data under the NEXTMap mapping program. NEXTMap DSM data are a compilation of multiple-data takes aggregated together to reduce errors associated with side- looking viewing geometry of SAR sensors (Figure 1). Multi- pass data processing provides a stable dataset for which vegetation canopy height can be modelled (Kellndorfer et al., 2004; Andersen et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2010). NEXTMap DTMs are derived from X-HH InSAR DSMs using a 3D workflow based on an ISO-certified process (Intermap, 2011). Incidence angle are not extractable from aggregated data. Single-data take X-HH InSAR flight line strips used to create the NEXTMap data were available and used to access incidence angle variations. Both the single- and multi-pass datasets were obtained as 32-bit floating 5-meter posted elevation grids (also known as 5 m ground sampling distance, or ground range pixel spacing) in geometric coordinates for three sites. The NEXTMap DTM data (multi-pass data aggregated have a 1 m, 1-3 m, and >3m linear error (LE) 90% vertical accuracy in unobstructed terrain with slopes less than 10°, 11° = 20, and greater than 20", respectively. There are no published accuracies for the NEXTMap DSM or the single-data take InSAR. Data of slopes less than 10” were used in this research to isolate effects due to incidence angle variations rather than changes in terrain slope. Within a year of the INSAR data collection, field programs were conducted to obtain tree and shrub vegetation heights using an Abney hand spirit level or clinometer with an expected accuracy of better than 0.5 m (e.g. 2.5% for a 20 m tree height) when the observer has a clear view of the tree being measured. Mean canopy height was taken as the average of the measured tree heights and used as reference data to assess the vertical accuracy of the InSAR derived vegetation canopy height of the single-/multi-pass derived hg. 5. METHODS The X-HH InSAR DTM data were subtracted from both the single- and multi-pass datasets to derive vegetation canopy height given by the hy, (Figure 2). To investigate the effect of incidence angle on InSAR derived data, vegetation canopy heights were extracted from the single- and multi-pass hg, for each x-y in situ vegetation canopy height location, stratified by three incidence angles (NR = 35, MR = 45’, FR = 55"), and by vegetation cover type (shrub, deciduous, coniferous, mixed and wetland). All height values were classified based on slope data to ensure that only those values that represented terrain slopes «10 were used; otherwise, the effects of incidence angle cannot be evaluated independently. Root mean square and mean errors were computed. To further investigate the effect of incidence angle on InSAR derived hy, vegetation canopy heights represented by h,, values along three transects located 1 km (NR 2 35), 5 km (MR - 45), and 9 km (FR - 55) across single-data take swaths in the range direction (Figure 5) were extracted from the single and multi-pass datasets. These canopy height values were compared to each other using the absolute RMS difference (RMSD) and the absolute mean difference (MD). RMSD was calculated since neither the single- nor multi-

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