XXII ISPRS Congress 2012: Technical Commission VII

Bibliographic data

Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 1663813779

Title:: XXII ISPRS Congress 2012

Sub title:: Melbourne, Australia, 25 August-1 September 2012

Type of content:: Konferenzschrift

Year of publication:: 2013

Place of publication:: Red Hook, NY

Publisher of the original:: Curran Associates, Inc.

Identifier (digital):: 1663813779

Reihe:: ISPRS archives

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Kongress-Thema: Imaging a sustainable future

Editor:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Author:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 22.; 2012; Melbourne

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 1663821976

Title:: Technical Commission VII

Scope:: 546 Seiten

Type of content:: Konferenzschrift

DOI:: 10.14463/KXP:1663821976

Year of publication:: 2013

Place of publication:: Red Hook, NY

Publisher of the original:: Curran Associates, Inc.

Identifier (digital):: 1663821976

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Reihe:: ISPRS archives (volume 39, B7 (2012))

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(39,B7)

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Erscheinungsdatum des Originals ist ermittelt.; Literaturangaben

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Author:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 22.; 2012; Melbourne

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2019

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: [VII/3: INFORMATION EXTRACTION FROM HYPERSPECTRAL DATA]

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Robust Metric based Anomaly Detection in Kernel Feature Space Bo Du, Liangpei Zhang, Huang Xin

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

508 Vireville, Charles Sept et son Epoque, 3 vols, 1862-1865 ; Bonamy, Mémoires sur les Derniéres annédes de la vie de Jacques Cour; Trouvé, Jacques Ceewr, 1840 ; Louis Raynal, Histoire du Berry, vol. iii. ; Louisa Costello, Jacques Coeur, the French Argonaut, London, 1847. COFFEE (French, Café; German, Kaffee). This im- portant and valuable article of food is the produce chiefly of Coffea arabica,a Rubiaceous plant indigenous to Abyssinia, which, however, as cultivated originally, spread outwards from the southern parts of Arabia. The name is probably derived from the Arabic K’hawah, although by some it has been traced to Caffa, a province in Abyssinia, in which the tree grows wild. In the genus Coffea, to which the common coffee tree belongs, from 50 to 60 species were formerly enumerated, scattered throughout the tropical parts of both hemispheres ; but by referring the American plants to a different genus, the list is now restricted to about 22 species. Of these 7 belong geographically to Asia; and of the 15 African species 11 are found on the west coast, 2 1in Central and East Africa, and 2 are natives of Mauritius. Besides being found wild in Abyssinia, the common coffee plant appears to be widely disseminated in Africa, having been seen on the shores of the Victoria Nyanza and in Angola on the west coast. Within the last year or two considerable attention has been devoted to a West African species, C. liberica, belonging to the Liberian coast, with a view to its extensive introduction and cultivation. Its produce, obtained from native plants, have been several years in the English market. The common coffee shrub or tree is an evergreen plant, which under natural conditions grows to a height of from 18 to 20 feet, with oblong-ovate, acuminate, smooth, and shining leaves, measuring about 6 inches in length by 21 wide. Itsflowers, which are produced in dense clusters in the axils of the leaves, have a five-toothed calyx, a tubular five-parted corolla, five stamens, and a single bifid style. The flowers are pure white in colour, with a rich fragrant odour, and the plants in blossom have a lovely and attractive appearance, but the bloom is very evanescent. The fruit is a fleshy berry, having the appearance and size of a small cherry, and as it ripens it assumes a dark red colour. Each fruit contains two seeds embedded in a yellowish pulp, and the seeds are en- closed in a thin membran- ous endocarp (the parch- ment). The seeds which constitute the raw coffee of commerce are plano- convex in form, the flat surfaces which are laid against each other within the berry having a longi- tudinal furrow or groove. They are of a soft, semi- translucent, bluish or greenish colour, hard and tough in texture. The regions found to be best adapted for the cultiva- tion of coffee are well- watered mountain slopes at an elevation ranging from 1000 to 4000 feet above sea-level,in latitudes lying between 15° N. and 15° S., although it is successfully cultivated from 25° N. to 30° S. of the equator in situations where the temperature does not fall beneath 55° Fahr. The F1c. 1.—Branch of Coffea arabica. F E E Liberian coffee plant, C. liberica, which has been brought forward as a rival to the ordinarily cultivated species, is described as a large leaved and large-fruited plant of a robust and hardy constitution. The seeds yield a highly aromatic and fine-flavoured coffee; and so prolific is the plant, that a single tree is said to have yielded the enormous quan- tity of 16 Ib weight at one gathering. It is a tree, moreover, which grows at low altitudes, and it probably would flourish in many situations which have been proved to be unsuitable for the Arabian coffee. Should it come up to the sanguine expectations of Ceylon planters and others to whom it has been submitted, there is no doubt that it will prove a formidable rival to the species which has hitherto received the exclusive attention of planters, It grows wild in great abundance along the whole of the Guinea coast. The early history of coffee as an economic product is involved in considerable obscurity, the absence of historical fact being compensated for by an unusual profusion of conjectural statements and by purely mythical stories, According to one Arabic account cited by De Sacy, Chres- tomathie Arabe, 2nd ed., 1. 412, the use of coffee was introduced into Aden from the African coast by Sheikh Shihab al-din Dhabhani before 875 of the Flight, or 1470 A.D. Another account, cited in Playfair’s history of Yemen, names a different sheikh, Jamal al-din ibn Abdalldh, cadi of Aden, but agrees as to the date. According to the latter account, the use of coffee as a beverage was prevalent among the Abyssinians from the most remote period, and in Arabia the beverage when first introduced only supplanted a preparation from the leaves of the cat, Celastrus edulis. Its peculiar property of dissipating drowsiness and preventing sleep was taken advantage of in connection with the prolonged religious services of the Mahometans,and its use as a devotional antisoporific stirred up a fierce opposition on the part of the strictly orthodox and conservative section of the priests. Coffee was by them held to be an intoxicant beverage, and therefore prohibited by the Koran ; and the dreadful penalties of an outraged sacred law were held over the heads of all who became addicted to itsuse. Calwa is ancient Arabic, butin the old literature means wine. Notwithstanding the threats of divine retribution, and though all manner of devices were adopted to check its growth, the coffee-drinking habit spread rapidly among the Arabian Mahometans, and the growth of coffee as well as its use as a national beverage became as inseparably associated with Arabia as tea is with China. For about two centuries the entire supply of the world, which, however, was then limited, was obtained from the province of Yemen in South Arabia, where the celebrated Mocha or Mokha is still cultivated. The knowledge of and taste for coffee spread but slowly outwards from Arabia Felix, and it was not till the middle of the 16th century that coffee-houses were established in Constantinople. Here also the new habit excited consider- able commotion among the ecclesiastical public. The popularity of the coffee-houses had a depressing influence on the attendance at the mosques, and on that account a fierce hostility was excited among the religious orders against the new beverage. They laid their grievances before the sultan, who imposed a heavy tax upon the coffee-houses, notwithstanding which they flourished and extended. After the lapse of another hundred years coffee reached Great Britain, a coffee-house having been opened in 1652 in London by a Greek, Pasqua Rossie. Rossie came from Smyrna with Mr D. Edwards, a Turkey merchant, and 1n the capacity of servant he prepared coffee daily for Mr Edwards and his visitors. So popnlar did the new drink become with Mr Edwards’s friends that their visits occasioned him great inconvenience to obviate which he

Access restriction

Copyright

fullscreen: Technical Commission VII (B7)

Multivolume work

Volume

Chapter

Chapter

Table of contents

Cite and reuse

Volume

Section

Image

Image fragment

Citation links

Citation recommendation