XXII ISPRS Congress 2012: Technical Commission VIII

Shortis, M.; Shimoda, H.; Cho, K.

Bibliographic data

Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 1663813779

Title:: XXII ISPRS Congress 2012

Sub title:: Melbourne, Australia, 25 August-1 September 2012

Year of publication:: 2013

Place of publication:: Red Hook, NY

Publisher of the original:: Curran Associates, Inc.

Identifier (digital):: 1663813779

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Kongress-Thema: Imaging a sustainable future

Corporations:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Adapter:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Founder of work:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Other corporate:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 1663822514

Title:: Technical Commission VIII

Scope:: 590 Seiten

Year of publication:: 2014

Place of publication:: Red Hook, NY

Publisher of the original:: Curran Associates, Inc.

Identifier (digital):: 1663822514

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(39,B8)

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Erscheinungsdatum des Originals ist ermittelt.; Literaturangaben

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Shortis, M.; Shimoda, H.; Cho, K.

Corporations:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Adapter:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Founder of work:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Other corporate:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 22., 2012, Melbourne; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2019

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: [VIII/1:]

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B8, 2012 XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August — 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia FUSION OF MULTI PRECURSORS EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS TO ESTIMATE THE DATE, MAGNITUDE AND AFFECTED AREA OF THE FORTHCOMING POWERFUL EARTHQUAKES M. Akhoondzadeh' and M.R. Saradjian Remote Sensing Division, Surveying and Geomatics Engineering Department, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran — (makhonz Q ut.ac.ir) Keywords: Hazards, earthquake, precursor, prediction, integration, satellite data, ionosphere. ABSTRACT: Since not any individual precursor can be used as an accurate stand alone means for the earthquake prediction, it is necessary to integrate different kinds of precursors. The precursors selected for analysis in this study include electron and ion density, electron temperature, total electron content (TEC), electric and magnetic fields and land surface temperature (LST) several days before three strong earthquakes which happened in Samoa Islands, Sichuan (China) and Borujerd (Iran). The precursor's variations were monitored using data obtained from experiments onboard DEMETER (IAP, ISL, ICE and IMSC) and Aqua-MODIS satellites. Regarding the ionospheric precursors, the geomagnetic indices D, and K, were used to distinguish pre-earthquake disturbed states from the other anomalies related to the geomagnetic activities. The inter-quartile range of data was utilized to construct their upper and lower bound to detect disturbed states outsides the bounds which might be associated with impending earthquakes. When the disturbed state associated with impending earthquake is detected, based on the type of precursor, the number of days relative to earthquake day is estimated. Then regarding the deviation value of the precursor from the undisturbed state the magnitude of impending earthquake is estimated. The radius of the affected area is calculated using the estimated magnitude and Dobrovolsky formula. In order to assess final earthquake parameters (which are date, magnitude and radius of the affected area) for each case study, using the median and inter-quartile range of earthquake parameters obtained from different precursors, the approximate bounds of final earthquake parameters are defined. For each studied case, a good agreement was found between the estimated and registered earthquake parameters. 1. INTRODUCTION Many papers and special monographs have been published on satellite observation of perturbations associated with seismic activity (Hayakawa and Molchanov, 2002; Pulinets and Boyarchuk, 2004, Akhoondzadeh, 2011). Earthquake is a dynamic phenomenon and usually happens because of crust displacement. When the earthquake happens, an energy transfer due to a break down between source and environment is made. These changes prior to the earthquake or along with it may have different physical and chemical affects on the lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere, and accordingly makes it possible to be detected. These variations of lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere parameters before the main earthquakes are considered as hint of impending earthquakes (earthquake precursors). Widespread researches on earthquake prediction over the last decades have resulted in the recognition of many earthquake precursors in the lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere. Satellite experiments due to the vast coverage of the seismic zones of the Earth along with other sources of information are regarded as suitable means for earthquake study. They allow performing meaningful statistical studies with a much larger number of recorded events. If it can be shown that earthquake perturbations are real and systematic then they could be considered as short-term precursors, occurring between a few hours and a few days before the earthquakes. 1.1 Ionospheric precursors The regional but substantially large-scale changes in atmospheric electricity over seismically active areas before the seismic shock are transformed into the ionosphere by means of a large-scale electric field. Pulinets et al. (2003) have shown that ionospheric anomalies have been observed in 7396 of earthquakes with magnitude greater than 5M, and 100% of earthquakes with magnitude greater than 6M, within 5 days before the earthquake events. The ionospheric anomalies usually happen in D-layer, E-layer and F-layer, and they may be observed 1 to 10 days prior to the earthquake and stay until 1 to 2 days after the earthquake (Akhoondzadeh et al., 2011). 1.1.1 TEC Precursor TEC is the integrated number of the electrons within the block between the satellite and receiver or between two satellites. To study TEC variations, data of GIM (Global Ionospheric Map) provided by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) were used. The GIM is constructed into 5? x 2.5? (Longitude, Latitude) grid with a time resolution of 2 hours. 1.1.2 Ionospheric precursors provided by DEMETER data The French micro-satellite DEMETER was launched on June 29, 2004. The satellite's altitude is about 680 km and its measurements are made within 65°N to 65°E. One of DEMETER scientific objectives is to detect anomalous variations of electromagnetic waves, particle fluxes and thermal plasma parameters which could be related to seismic activity. DEMETER has five instruments on board. They are ICE (Instrument Champ Eletrique), IMSC (Instrument Magnetic Search Coil), IDP (Instrument Detecteur de Particules), IAP

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