XVIIIth Congress: XVIIIth Congress

Kraus, Karl; Waldhäusl, Peter

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 1667435949

Title:: XVIIIth Congress

Sub title:: Vienna, Austria 1996

Year of publication:: 1996

Place of publication:: Vienna

Publisher of the original:: Austrian Society of Surveying and Geoinformation

Identifier (digital):: 1667435949

Language:: English

Editor:: Kraus, Karl; Waldhäusl, Peter

Corporations:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Adapter:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Founder of work:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Other corporate:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 1667438379

Title:: XVIIIth Congress

Scope:: 449 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1996

Place of publication:: Vienna

Publisher of the original:: Austrian Society of Surveying and Geoinformation

Identifier (digital):: 1667438379

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(31,B2)

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Erscheinungsdatum des Originals ist anhand des Copyrightjahrs ermittelt.

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Kraus, Karl; Waldhäusl, Peter

Corporations:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Instrumentation for Data Reduction and Analysis

Adapter:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Instrumentation for Data Reduction and Analysis

Founder of work:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Instrumentation for Data Reduction and Analysis

Other corporate:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Instrumentation for Data Reduction and Analysis

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2019

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC WORKSTATIONS 1992-96 A Stewart Walker [...] Gordon Petrie [...]

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC WORKSTATIONS 1992-96 A Stewart Walker Product Manager Digital Photogrammetry, Leica AG, USA Gordon Petrie Professor, Department of Geography & Topographic Science, University of Glasgow, Scotland Invited paper, Intercommission Working Group III KEY WORDS: Digital Photogrammetric Workstations, Softcopy, Systems, Hardware, Software, Automation, Status. ABSTRACT Digital photogrammetric workstations are on the point of superseding analytical plotters, following a vigorous expansion of their use during the period 1992-96. An aggressively competitive market-place has developed, in which several manufacturers offer systems which perform the basic digital photogrammetric tasks - orientation, digital terrain models (DTMs), orthophotos, feature extraction - and in some cases include interesting additional functionality. The hardware platforms, operation and functionality of these systems are all improving apace, while certain developments of the software represent radical innovations, especially automated triangulation, mosaics and semi-automated tools for feature extraction. Acclaim of this technical wizardry must be tempered with comment on customers’ applications and expectations. Intriguing too is the ongoing debate whether digital photogrammetry is evolutionary or revolutionary and to what extent the promise of digital photogrammetry has been fulfilled in terms of the use of automation. While DPWs have an assured future and their accession to the role of workhorse in photogrammetric production is imminent, their perceived technical pre-eminence is conditional upon greater automation leading to unarguable increases in productivity and operator comfort, coupled with users finding markets for the much wider range of deliverables which digital photogrammetry can generate vis a vis analogue or analytical. 1. INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SYSTEMS By 1992 digital photogrammetric workstations (DPWs) had begun their migration from military applications into the commercial market-place. This had taken ten years. Four years later their status is equal to, perhaps greater than, the analytical plotter (AP). They have not quite superseded analytical plotters, but almost so. Yet a DPW is not an AP: it performs the functions of an AP, but many more tasks besides. Why then the frequent comparisons with APs? By adopting digital methods, photogrammetry accepted its third “paradigm” and the change from analytical to digital is proving shorter and sharper than from analogue to analytical some 15 to 20 years ago (Leberl, 1991, 1992a). The huge growth of the DPW literature is informative: before the 1992 Congress there were overview papers offering analyses, taxonomies and predictions, for example by Dowman (1991a, 1991b), Dowman et al. (1992) and Schenk and Toth (1992); and there were product descriptions by vendors, for example Helava (1991a), lifting the wraps off previously less well known military systems, Kaiser (1991) and Nolette et al. (1992). Overviews were given at the last Congress, for example by Leberl (1992b) and are still written, both more penetrating academic analyses, for example Leberl (1994) and Heipke (1995a), and lighter pieces designed to bring appreciation of the technology to wider audiences, for example Trinder and Donnelly (1996). Vendors, too, continue to write updates on their latest product lines, for example Dôrstel (1995), Miller and Walker (1995) and Gagnon et al. (1995). Users have found their pens in droves, spurred by a desire to explain how they have encompassed the new technology, for example Corbley (1995), Foley et al. (1993), Johansson et al. (1995), and Kirwan (1996). Some go further and compare systems, for example Baltsavias ef al. (1996) and Kolbl (1996). The whole field has been surveyed by Heipke (1995b). Here we set DPWs within the overall digital photogrammetric process, then discuss the hardware and software, attempting to 384 discern trends where appropriate. We briefly compare DPWs and APs from the user's standpoint and assess how great an achievement the current status of DPWs may be. 1.1 Basic components Digital photogrammetric systems have become well understood. The major characteristics are: (i) the system combines computer hardware and software to allow photogrammetric operations to be carried out on digital image data; (ii) the sets of digital image data consist of arrays of picture elements (pixels) of fixed size and shape; each pixel has one or more brightness values giving the value(s) of the radiance from the object field falling on each individual element of the imaging sensor; (iii) the sensor may produce digital data, for example a digital camera incorporating an areal array of CCDs, or a pushbroom scanner with a linear array of CCDs; (iv) data is often derived from a camera producing frame images on photographic film; these are converted into digital form using high precision scanners; (v) the main element of the system is the DPW on which the required mathematically based photogrammetric operations are carried out to produce data for input to digital mapping, CAD or GIS/LIS systems; (vi) these operations are performed manually or interactively, for example most feature extraction and editing, or using automated or semi-automated methods, for example DTMs and orthophotos; (vii) final output may take the form of vector line maps, DTM data files or image maps; thus many systems include raster plotters or film writers. 1.2 Input data 1.2.1 Sensors. The data volumes in digital photogrammetry are considerable, but vary according to the sensor. Digital International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B2. Vienna 1996 -— A aaa sand VS A lea "um "RA

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