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XVIIIth Congress (Part B5)

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fullscreen: XVIIIth Congress (Part B5)

Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 1667435949

Title:: XVIIIth Congress

Sub title:: Vienna, Austria 1996

Year of publication:: 1996

Place of publication:: Vienna

Publisher of the original:: Austrian Society of Surveying and Geoinformation

Identifier (digital):: 1667435949

Language:: English

Editor:: Kraus, Karl; Waldhäusl, Peter

Corporations:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Adapter:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Founder of work:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Other corporate:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 1667448226

Title:: XVIIIth Congress

Scope:: 626 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1996

Place of publication:: Vienna

Publisher of the original:: Austrian Society of Surveying and Geoinformation

Identifier (digital):: 1667448226

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(31,B5)

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Erscheinungsdatum des Originals ist anhand des Copyrightjahrs ermittelt.

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Kraus, Karl; Waldhäusl, Peter

Corporations:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Non-Cartographic Applications of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Adapter:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Non-Cartographic Applications of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Founder of work:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Non-Cartographic Applications of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Other corporate:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Non-Cartographic Applications of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2019

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING OF THE ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE HUMAN CORNEA Dr Jon Osborn, [...] Dr Gordon Wise, [...]

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Contents

Table of contents

XVIIIth Congress
XVIIIth Congress (Part B5)
Cover
Title page
ISPRS Council 1992 - 1996
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (IAPRS)
Volume XXXI, Part B5
Technical Commission V Close-Range Techniques and Machine Vision
Editorial Team
Copyright 1996
For Sale after the Congress
Foreword
Table of Contents
DIE PHOTOGRAMMETRISCHE ERGÄNZUNG DER KARTE VON HATTUSAS,DER HAUPTSTADT DES HETHITER REICHES Sitki KÜLÜR, Orhan ALTAN, Gónül TOZ,. Dursun Z. SEKER, Asli IYIDIKER, Harun IYIDIKER, Zaide DURAN
UNIFORMITY AND PROXIMITY APPLIED TO THE GENERALISATION OF TARGET FIELDS IN CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY. L. C. Anderson (Masters Candidate) and C. J. Bellman (Lecturer)
VIA GEORGOFILI MAY, 27 1993: A TESTIMONY Antonio Arrighi
3D DETAILED RECONSTRUCTION OF A DEMOLISHED BUILDING BY USING OLD PHOTOGRAPHS C. loannidis, C. Potsiou, J. Badekas
ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR THE SURVEY OF THE GOLDEN ALTAR OF S. AMBROSE'S BASILICA IN MILAN Elena Baj, [...]
PAROS:UN SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION POUR L’ARCHITECTURE L. Baratin - [...] G. Follonit - [...] J-.P. Saint Aubin - [...]
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF DEFORMATIONS OF THE GABCIKOVO LOCK GATE BARTOS P. - GREGOR V.
ANALYSIS OF RESIDUALS FROM L1 NORM ESTIMATION John Marshall [...] James Bethel [...]
VALVE MEASUREMENT USING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC FEATURE MODELING Alan Voss [...] James Bethel [...]
METHODS OF SURVEYING IN ARCHAEOLOGY DEMONSTRATED AT THE TANG EMPERORS’ MAUSOLEUMS Wolfgang Böhler and Guido Heinz
THE OPTICAL TUBE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM OLM - PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS USED FOR INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION AND PROCESS CONTROL Werner Bösemann
OBJECT RECOGNITION USING MULTI-SENSOR FUSION AND ACTIVE EXPLORATION Claus Brenner and Michael Hahn
Long Terme Photogrammetric Measuremend of Rockfill Dam Jozef Cernansky
AN EVALUATION OF THREE DIFFERENT IMAGE CAPTURE METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF DEFORMATION WITHIN A GEOTECHNICAL CENTRIFUGE J. Chen, S. Robson, M. A. R. Cooper, & R. N. Taylor
A NEW SYSTEM OF SURFACE MEASUREMENT N. Kochi,H. Ohtani,S. Nakamura, T. Utiyama, M. Yamada, M. Chida, T. Noma, T. Ito,H. Aokı
A STUDY ON REAL-TIME PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES USING WIRELESS CCD CAMERA Hirofumi CHIKATSU, Kazuya NAKANO, Tetsuji ANAI
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOTION USING SEQUENTIAL IMAGES OF VIDEO THEODOLITE Hirofumi CHIKATSU, Tetsuji ANAI, Hideharu YANAGI [...] Shunji MURAI [...]
Ortho Projection and Drawing for Archeological Artifacts of complicated form Hiroshi YOKOYAMA [...] Katsuhiro HATANO, Hirofumi CHIKATSU [...]
Stereo Light Microscope Calibration for 3D Submicron Vision Gaudenz Danuser
GENERATION OF A PANORAMA MOSAIC FOR THE DOME OF A PLANETARIUM Piero de Fazio, [...] Josef Jansa, [...]
PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND SURVEY PROCEDURES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VENETIAN VILLAS: THE CASE STUDY OF VILLA ZENO BY ANDREA PALLADIO Clemente di Thiene - Francesco Guerra - Luigi Fregonese - Luca Pilot - Caterina Balletti
INFLUENCE OF LARGE TARGETS ON THE RESULTS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT Jürgen Dold
PHOTOGRAMMETRICAL APPLICATIONS TO AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE INSTITUTE FOR PREHISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA, AUSTRIA Michael Doneus
MEASUREMENT IN HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT: REVIEW OF SEVERAL APPLICATIONS Arnaud DUMONT - Technical Manager
IMPLEMENTATION OF SEQUENTIAL ESTIMATION FOR SINGLE-SENSOR VISION METROLOGY Kenneth Edmundson and Clive S. Fraser
TWO 3-D SENSORS FOR ENVIRONMENT MODELING AND VIRTUAL REALITY: CALIBRATION AND MULTI-VIEW REGISTRATION S. F. El-Hakim, J.-A.Beraldin, G. Godin, and P. Boulanger
A COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF DIGITAL AND CONVENTIONAL NON-METRIC CAMERAS FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS W. Faig, H. El-Habrouk, X. P. Li, M. Hosny
Vibration Monitoring with Video Cameras C. K. Lee and W. Faig
DEVELOPING OF THE SURFACE MODELL OF HUMAN GUMS Dr Károly Fekete
PAROS: Le sens de la mesure. Photogrammétrie et modéles architecturaux: Le cas du forum antique de la ville d' Arles (France) Michel Florenzano, Jean-Yves Blaise, Pierre Drap
PHOTOREALISTIC PRESENTATION OF THE PALAIS GRAND DUCAL BASED ON PHOTOGRAMMETRIC RECORDING Peggy Freudenreich, [...]
SINGLE STATION SELF-CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES John G. FRYER
A COMPARISON OF THE UTILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND INDUSTRIAL THEODOLITE SYSTEMS Giuseppe Ganci [...] Mark R. Shortis [...]
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC QUANTIFICATION OF CHANGES OF SOFT TISSUE AFTER SKELETAL TREATMENT OF THE FACIAL PART OF THE SKULL Dr.-Ing. Helga Gäbel, Dr.med. Dr.med.dent. Diana Kakoschke
A 3D-SENSOR FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION FROM IMAGE SEQUENCES Peter Geißler [...] Bernd Jähne [...]
ARCHEOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY WITH SMALL FORMAT CAMERAS: THE SURVEY OF THE FORUM VETUS IN SARMIZEGETUSA (ROMANIA) Pierre GRUSSENMEYER and Franck PERDRIZET
ARCHEOLOGY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY: THE SITE OF LAODICEIA AD LYCUM (TURKEY) dott. Francesco Guerra
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DEFORMATION SURFACE OF CFER PANELS Forlani G. - Guzzetti F. -Pinto L.
A GENERAL APPROACH FOR OBJECT ORIENTED 3D-MAPPING IN DIGITAL CLOSE RANGE RESTITUTION Klaus Hanke, Associate Professor [...] Mostafa Abdel-Bary Ebrahim, M.Sc. [...]
OBJECT RECONSTRUCTION FROM IMAGES OF A MOVING CAMERA Jussi Heikkinen
DIGITAL MICROPHOTOGRAMMETRY WITH THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE Matthias Hemmleb, Jörg Albertz [...] Manfred Schubert, Andreas Gleichmann, Johann Michael Köhler [...]
A NOVEL SYSTEM FOR THE COMBINED MEASUREMENT OF WAVE- AND FLOW-FIELDS BENEATH WIND INDUCED WATER WAVES Frank Hering, Günther Balschbach, Bernd Jähne
OBJECT-ORIENTED DATA-INTEGRATION BETWEEN DIGITAL ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND CAAD Urs Hirschberg, Dipl. Arch. ETH
REAL TIME TRACKING OF A DYNAMIC OBJECT Amir Saeed Homainejad
DIGITAL STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOLUTIONS FOR ORTHODONTICS Wolfram Höflinger
OBJECT RECOGNITION FOR A FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM Y. Huang & J. C. Trinder & B. E. Donnelly
DIGITAL STEREOPLOTTER FOR HISTORIC MONUMENTS RECORDING Jozef J. Jachimski, Janusz M. Zielinski
PRACTICAL INTEGRATION OF VISION METROLOGY AND CAD IN SHIPBUILDING George W. Johnson, [...]
SOME SPECIAL CASES OF CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPLICATION Dusan Joksié, Milos Vojinovic
MEASUREMENT OF SPINAL DEFORMITIES USING STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRY K Jones [...] G N Askin, W E Ryan, C Natalie and A D Porter [...]
CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY USING GEOMETRIC PRIMITIVES FOR EFFICIENT CAD MODELLING OF INDUSTRIAL PLANT M. A. Jones, D. P. Chapman, and A. A. Hamid [...] A. T. D. Deacon [...]
DIGITAL MONOPLOTTING AND PHOTO-UNWRAPPING OF DEVELOPABLE SURFACES IN ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY G. E. Karras, P. Patias, E. Petsa
IMAGE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS Dana Klimesova, Tomás Suk
STEREOSCOPIC COMPUTER MEASUREMENTS OF MULTY-TIME IMAGES FOR INVESTIGATION OF MOUNTAIN GLACIER MOVEMENTS prof. Yu. F. Knizhnikov, R. N. Gelman
DRAWING UP OF FIREWORKS VIEWING AREA MAP Tosio KOIZUMI [...] Kunihiko ONO [...] Hideaki KAWASAKI [...]
ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND PICTURE PROCESSING FOR ACQUISITION AND DOCUMENTATION OF A BRAZILIAN TOWN ENSEMBLE S. Landes, H.-P. Bähr and K. Ringle
QUANTITATIVE 3D-MICROSCOPY FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY OF CANCER CELLS Leemann Th, Margadant F, Walt H, Niederer P
An Underwater Digital Photogrammetric System For Fishery Geomatics Rongxing Li, Chuang Tao, and Weihong Zou [...] R. G. Smith and T. A. Curran [...]
RESULTS OF THE GERMAN COMPARISON TEST FOR DIGITAL POINT OPERATORS Thomas Luhmann
DEVELOPMENTS TOWARDS REMOTE METROLOGY FOR COMPONENT ALIGNMENT UNDER CONDITIONS OF RESTRICTED ACCESS IN JET'S TOROIDAL VACUUM VESSEL B. Macklin, R. Brade, G. Celentano, J. Tait, E. van Lente
"FREE-FLYING" 3-D SENSORS FOR EFFICIENT CLOSE-RANGE MEASUREMENT AND REVERSE ENGINEERING Reinhard W. Malz, [...]
TOWER CASTLE OF GARCIA D’AVILA - FIRST OUTCOMES FOR THE RESTORATION PROCEDURES Camillo José Martins Gomes - [...] Walter da Silva Prado - [...] Christováo Dias de Avila Pires Junior - [...] Herbert Erwes - [...] Luiz Eduardo Pereira Alves - [...]
Data Fusion of Three-dimensional Measurement and CAD in Plant Construction (with the application to prefabricated manufacture of chemical engineering pipe line as an example) A. Matsumoto and F. Souda
KOMBINATION VON PHOTOGRAMMETRIE UND STREIFENPROJEKTION ZUR VERMESSUNG GROSSER OBJEKTE Dr. Martin Michaelis
ISSUES IN MEDICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN THE DIGITAL IMAGING ERA Harvey L. Mitchell [...] Thomas Leemann [...]
DENTURE MOBILITY MEASURING SYSTEM OF COMPLETE DENTURES USING FOUR INFRARED VIDEO CAMERAS K. MIYASHITA, T. SEKITA, S. MINAKUCHI, Y. HIRANO, K. KOBAYASHI and M. NAGAO
Archaeological Real-time Photogrammetric System using Digital Still Camera Yoshito MIYATSUKA
DISCUSSION ON THE AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF TRAFFIC FLOW BY VIDEO CAMERA MOUNTED ON BALLOON Masaru MORI, Masahiro SETOJIMA, Yukio AKAMATSU [...] Ryo YAMANA, Takashi YAHARA [...]
FRAMES BASED ANALYSIS OF MULTISENSOR IMAGE SEQUENCES Yury V. Morzeev, Yury V. Visilter, Sergei Y. Zheltov, Alexander A. Stepanov
CLOSED-FORM SPACE RESECTION USING PHOTO SCALE VARIATION by Riadh A. H. Munjy, Mushtaq Hussain
MEASUREMENT OF RAILWAY SURFACE FLAWS WITH THE CCD LINE SENSOR CAMERA SYSTEM Yoshitaka Matsumoto, Osamu Murakami [...] Masaya Nakagawa [...]
ACCURACY IMPROVEMENT IN COMPUTATIONAL CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY BY THE USE OF MULTI-CONTROL VARIABLE (NCV) MONTE CARLO METHOD H. N. Nagaraja, [...]
EVALUATION OF A LOW COST DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS P. R. Thomas and I. Newton [...] K. B. Fanibunda [...]
A VIDEO-RATE STEREO MACHINE AND ITS APPLICATION TO VIRTUAL REALITY Kazuo Oda, Masaya Tanaka, Atsushi Yoshida, Hiroshi Kano and Takeo Kanade
A Reconstruction of the Ancient City of Ayutthaya Using Modern Photogrammetric Techniques Cliff Ogleby
A STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEMI-METRIC CAMERA FOR VERY CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY W. J. Oh [...] S. H. Han [...] S. H. Song, S. H. Bae, H. S. Lee [...]
THE DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF VIDEO DIGITIZING BY USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL CAD-MODELS Ms. Katri Oksanen, [...]
NUMERICAL INVENTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTS Jolanta Orlinska, Ryszard Preuss
STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING OF THE ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE HUMAN CORNEA Dr Jon Osborn, [...] Dr Gordon Wise, [...]
CAD-SUPPORTED DETERMINATION OF SENSOR ATTITUDE IN TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC APPLICATIONS A. D. Styliadis, P. Patias, J. Paraschakis
CONTRIBUTION OF VIDEOGRAMMETRY TO THE ARCHITECTURAL RESTITUTION Results of the CIPA "O. Wagner Pavillion" test P. Patias, A. Streilein
THE CIPA "O. Wagner Pavilion" TEST A. Almagro, P. Patias, P. Waldhäusl
HIGH RESOLUTION DATA ACQUISITON TO OBSERVE MOVING OBJECTS Jürgen Dold, [...] Jürgen Peipe, [...]
CAD-based Reverse Engineering with Digital Photogrammetry Frank Petran, Peter Krzystek [...] Peter Bonitz [...]
CONFIGURATION OPTIMIZATION AND OPERATING RANGE ENLARGEMENT OF CCD-VIDEO-CAMERAS Dipl.-Ing. Bernd Pollak, [...]
IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL 3D-MODELS IN BUILDING SURVEYS BASED ON MULTI IMAGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY Günter Pomaska, [...]
THE DYNAMIC DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT AND VISUALISATION OF A 21M WIND TURBINE ROTOR BLADE UNDERGOING STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. S. Robson and H. B. Setan.
Multi-Image Correlation for Digital Photogrammetric Measurement Systems Heinz Rüther [...] Graeme van der Vlugt [...]
A MULTI-VIEW TRINOCULAR SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC 3-D OBJECT MODELING AND RENDERING F. Pedersini, A. Sarti, S. Tubaro
CCD MULTICAMERAS INTERACTIVE DIGITAL SYSTEM FOR CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC APPLICATIONS Piotr Sawicki, Boguslaw Wiecek
TARGET DETECTION AND EPIPOLAR GEOMETRY FOR IMAGE ORIENTATION IN CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY Gianfranco Forlani, Alberto Giussani, Marco Scaioni [...] Giorgio Vassena [...]
IMPROVEMENT OF FISHFARM PEN DESIGN USING COMPUTATIONAL STRUCTURAL MODELLING AND LARGE-SCALE UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY (COSMOLUP) Heinrich Schewe, [...] Erik Moncrieff, [...] Prof. Dr.-Ing. Lothar Gründig, [...]
DPA-WIN - A PC BASED DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC STATION FOR FAST AND FLEXIBLE ON-SITE MEASUREMENT Carl-Thomas Schneider
MULTIPLE FOCUS CALIBRATION OF A STILL VIDEO CAMERA Mark R. Shortis [...] Stuart Robson and Tim Short [...]
LASER DOT MATRIX BASED DIGITAL SYSTEM FOR FOR MONITORING TEXTURELESS ROOF STRATA OF MINES R. Singh, D. P. Chapman and K. B. Atkinson
THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN ANCIENT BAS-RELIEF REPLICA USING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS AND CNC TECHNIQUES E. STAMBOULOGLOU, [...]
UTILIZATION OF CAD MODELS FOR THE OBJECT ORIENTED MEASUREMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTS Andre Streilein
ADVANCED STUDY OF NON-PRISM LASER RANGER AND IT'S IMAGING (Low-Cost 3D Imaging and Range Imaging Using Non-Prism Laser-Ranger) YOSHIAKI TAKAHASHI, HIDENORI ITOH, NORITSUNA FUJII
A study and development for STEREO FUNDUS CAMERA SYSTEM using Stereo Matching Technique. TSURU Kosuke, Inoue T., Ogino N., Matuyama M., [...] Nanjo T., Yano. N., Hino T. [...]
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF A HUMAN WALKING SEQUENCE USING MEDIAL STEREO IMAGES Masako TSURUOKA, Ryosuke SHIBASAKI, Shunji MURAI [...] Masahiro KURITA [...] Takao WADA [...]
SUR L’UTILISATION DES CONTRAINTES À L'AJUSTEMENT SIMULTANE DES OBSERVATIONS PHOTOGRAMMETRIQUES ET GEODESIQUES DANS LA PHOTOGRAMMÉTRIE À COURTE DISTANCE Prof.dr.ing. Lucian Turdeanu, Chef de travaux ing. Ion Ionescu
THE USE OF MULTIPLE SURVIEWS OF A COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANNER TO DETERMINE THE 3D COORDINATES OF EXTERNAL CRANIAL MARKERS Van Geems B. A.
AUTOMATIC DEM GENERATION USING DIGITAL SYSTEM InduSCAN: AN APPLICATION TO THE ARTWORKS OF MILANO CATHEDRAL FINALIZED TO REALIZE PHYSICAL MARBLE COPIES Marco Scaioni [...] Giorgio Vassena [...] Torsten Kludas, Jens-Uwe Pfeil [...]
AN ALGORITHMIC METHOD FOR REAL-TIME 3-D MEASUREMENT X. Wang. & T. A. Clarke.
RECOVERING 3-D OBJECT GEOMETRY USING A GENERIC CONSTRAINT DESCRIPTION S. Weik, O. Grau
IST DIE PHOTOGRAMMETRIE REIF FÜR DAS MUSEUM? Rolf-Dieter Düppe und Manfred Weisensee
DIGITAL ORTHOIMAGES IN ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY USING DIGITAL SURFACE MODELS Albert Wiedemann
CULTURAL ASSETS PRESERVATION USING DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY METHODS YEU, Bock-Mo Professor, KIM, Wondae Ph.D Student [...] KIM, Yong-ll Associate Professor, RYU, Yeon Undergraduate Student [...]
Appendix: Authors and Co-authors Index Volume XXXI, Part B5 - ISPRS Commission V
Appendix: Keywords Index Volume XXXI, Part B5 - ISPRS Commission V
Cover

Full text

STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING OF THE ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE HUMAN CORNEA
Dr Jon Osborn, Department of Surveying and Spatial Information Science, University of Tasmania, Australia
Dr Gordon Wise, Senior Ophthalmologist, Tasmanian Eye Clinics, Wentworth St, South Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Commission V, Working Group 5
KEY WORDS: close range, non-metric, accuracy, medicine, corneal topography
ABSTRACT
The major refractive element of the human eye is the anterior surface of the cornea.. An accurate knowledge of the topography
of this surface is important in a variety of ophthalmic applications. Existing commercially available methods of mapping
corneal topography rely on measuring the images of mires reflected from the corneal surface. These methods are inadequate,
particularly for abnormal corneas and intra-surgical application.
This paper describes a stereophotogrammetric method for measuring corneal topography. Photogrammetric verification of the
method shows that accuracy in the order of 20um (r.m.s) has been achieved. The instrument has been installed at an eye
diagnostic clinic and tested on patients with corneal abnormalities.
corresponding photokeratoscope images.
Some results are illustrated and contrasted with
The design of a digital implementation of the instrument is described, including details such as camera type, array size and
resolution, target recognition and camera calibration. The clinical parameters that affect the commercial viability of a digital
system are discussed.
1. CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of the anterior surface of the human cornea
is complex. Descriptions usually divide it into zones — the
central, paracentral, peripheral (transitional) and limbal —
although these clinical divisions are probably not
anatomically real (eg Dingledein and Klyce 1989). The
central Zone usually has an approximately uniform spherical
shape but with an irregular periphery and with considerable
variability between individuals (Bogan et al 1990). The
average cornea measures about 11.5mm vertically and
12.1mm horizontally with a typical mean anterior radius of
curvature of 7.8mm (Clark 1973b, Ruben 1975, Smith 1977).
Large variations of corneal topography can be expected
between healthy individuals (eg Clark 1974, Guillon et al
1986, Dingeldein and Klyce 1989, Bogan et al 1990, Bores
1991). Topography is affected by endogenous factors such
as ethnic race, age, or congenital anomalies (Duke-Elder
1970, Smith 1977, Guillon et al 1986, Bores 1991). These
may not interfere with vision but are important if any detailed
analysis of individual corneas is to be attempted. There are
also many external determinants that affect the shape of a
cornea and the performance of the eye. These include factors
such as the presence of corneal pathology, the effects of
surgical intervention, of drug induced changes and of
mechanical forces (Duke-Elder 1970, Smith 1977). Probably
the most important of these is keratoconus which is a disease
that induces severe irregular astigmatism. Surgical
procedures to improve defective vision have recently
culminated in techniques such as radial keratotomy and
photo refractive keratectomy (P.R.K.). The clinical
importance of these new refractive surgical procedures is a
major impetus to recent research into methods of measuring
corneal topography.
Predominantly, because accurate measurement of individual
corneas has not been possible, statements about corneal
443
topography have had to be generalisations based on relatively
large populations (eg Clark 1974, El Hage 1976a, Kiely et al
1982) or models derived from a theoretical consideration of
the eye as an optical system (eg Patel et al 1993). The
relationship between corneal topography and vision is
critical, complicated and poorly understood. Quantification
of what constitutes normal differences between individuals
and normal changes in a single individual is an important
step towards understanding corneal abnormalities.
2. KERATOMETRY AND PHOTOKERATOSCOPY
The two most commercially successful approaches to
measuring corneal topography rely on measuring the images
of mires reflected from the corneal surface. The first of these
reflected mire techniques is keratometry, the second is
photokeratoscopy (or videokeratoscopy when digital cameras
are used). The value of any new method of measuring
corneal topography must be established in terms of its
benefits over these existing techniques. The principals of
keratometry and photokeratoscopy have been addressed in a
previous publication (Wise et al 1986) and the problems
related to these techniques are only briefly reviewed here. A
critical review of these and other methods of measuring
corneal curvature is provided by Osborn (1995).
Keratometry, by far the most widely adopted technique, has a
number of inadequacies.
e Curvature or net power is presented as a mean value for
the central portion of the cornea (typically 3.8 to 4.2mm),
but based on measurements at the edge of that area. Over
90% of the corneal surface — the central and peripheral
regions — is not measured.
e It is assumed that the curvature of the cornea between two
mire reflection points is spherical and thus (for a four point
keratometer) that the cornea is ellipsoidal, which may not
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B5. Vienna 1996

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