XVIIIth Congress: Commission VI

Kraus, Karl; Waldhäusl, Peter

Bibliographic data

Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 1667435949

Title:: XVIIIth Congress

Sub title:: Vienna, Austria 1996

Year of publication:: 1996

Place of publication:: Vienna

Publisher of the original:: Austrian Society of Surveying and Geoinformation

Identifier (digital):: 1667435949

Language:: English

Editor:: Kraus, Karl; Waldhäusl, Peter

Corporations:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Adapter:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Founder of work:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Other corporate:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 1677550198

Title:: Commission VI

Scope:: 149, 110, 92 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1996

Place of publication:: Vienna

Publisher of the original:: Austrian Society of Surveying and Geoinformation

Identifier (digital):: 1677550198

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(31,B6)

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Die Vorlage enthält insgesamt 3 Werke: Commission VI (Seiten 1-149); National reports (Seiten 1-110); Special sessions (Seiten 1-92)

Other Title:: Enthaltendes Werk: National Reports; Enthaltendes Werk: Special sessions

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Kraus, Karl; Waldhäusl, Peter

Corporations:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Economic, Professional, and Educational Aspects of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Adapter:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Economic, Professional, and Educational Aspects of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Founder of work:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Economic, Professional, and Educational Aspects of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Other corporate:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Congress, 18., 1996, Wien; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission Economic, Professional, and Educational Aspects of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2019

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: Special Session

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: EXPERIMENTAL TESTS ON FAST AMBIGUITY SOLUTIONS FOR AIRBORNE KINEMATIC GPS POSITIONING. Prof. em. Friedrich Ackermann [...] ISPRS Commission II

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

, no other F the aerial area. By he camera r the GPS ennae. ographs of analytical nd control theoretical ve photo- should be xpected in nt referred metrically ents were he further ns of the e accuracy al of the the mean cm for the ric errors, to be kept IS. c and GPS ctive GPS ll concern coordinate narizes the en over all d stations 1e detailed o different are clear direction, n not to be nsiderable ntial error e been re- airplane: L n, + to the ecially the ndicular to ctically no hose mean an be seen rically and nt shifts N Station A S D F H Yn Stip« dm] 0 22 106 130 386 --— 1 X -20 21 -205 Y 1 3 1.0 Z 41 -37 -39.0 -— 2 X 18 20 19 19.0 Y 24 -16 2 -14.0 7 39 -33 44 -387 4-3 X 2 -3 0 4 15 Y 9 12 34 37 230 Z 45 38 52 oou 41.5 -— 4X 19 19 22 18 195 Y 15 17 22 2. 20 Z 44 -42 82 15 458 -—5 X 1 2 2 3 05 Y 18 16 34 58 315 z 47 -41 -62 18 420 > 6 X 14 14 14 13 14 13.8 Y 22 24 -25 6 21 112 Z 45 41 -49 57 19 -422 WET 27 26 22 2523 24.6 Y 6 3 17 17 28 14.2 Z 44 38 -56 58 19 -35.4 ) uk 12 12 -18 T T -142 Y 8 9 4 1 21 18 Z 42 35 -51 43 8 -326 4 o0 x 19 20 21 21 20 202 Y 5 3 2 11 26 94 z 45 43 -58 46 20 -424 )'o x 7 7 5 8 7 -68 Y 18 22 2 11 2 -14.0 Z 53 48 -67 55 26 -49.8 dat x 14 13 12 17 20 15.2 Y 2 34 9.2 z 54 48 48 17 11 312 E x 6.0 59 83 08 gp 75 Y -45 -51 45 1166264 4.6 Zz |-450 400 -545 525 417 -404 Table 1: Coordinate differences between photogrammetrically and GPS-determined camera air stations (arithmetic means of strips, antenna 2, Gauss-Krüger, in [cm]) A S D F H >/n L 10.3 10.5 8.7 10.2 10.6 10.2 C 15.3 14.5 17.2 13.7 47.7 15.5 V -45 -40 -54.6 -52.9 13.7 -40.4 (-48.1) Table 2: Overall mean differences in L, C, V at air stations for each GPS ground station (antenna 2, in [cm]) 40 CO MR T RE LS, IDE g of 2 - = ett 9 -20r b o emt = eet Q -40 FT accents -60 mor : 0 100 200 300 400 Distance [km] — vem mem Figure 6: Overall mean differences in L, C, V at air stations as function of distance to GPS ground station (antenna 2) 5 (magnitude in flight direction 10.2 cm, across flight direction 15.5 em, vertical -40.4 em). The variations of the blocks against the constant shifts are remarkably small, remaining within a band of +0.4 em to -1.5 em in L direction, resp. of +2.2 cm to -1.8 cm in C direction. As far as the mean vertical differences are concerned the most likely interpretation assumes a constant shift of -48.1 cm for the GPS ground stations A - F (up to 130 km distance). The block variations against the constant shift then remain within a band of *8.1 em and -6.5 em, whilst the results of station H would then jump out by 37.4 cm. It is assumed, in this case, that the outlier at station H may be caused by ionospheric error effects, which can be expected in that order of magnitude over a distance of nearly 400 km. The overall results thus are highly consistent, showing no distance effect, except for the z errors from the long baseline to station H. The question remains, however, what are the causes for the constant error magnitudes. As the constant errors are clearly related to the flight directions it can be stated that they must be caused by effects related to the sensor system of the airplane. This is in first instance the camera system with possibly small additional influences from the GPS antenna- and time- offsets. Constant photogrammetric errors at the camera air stations of 10 - 20 cm (at h = 2000 m) are quite likely to happen. It should be realized that we are concerned here with absolute errors which normally in photogrammetry are not visible (at the air stations) or are compensated by degrees of freedom. Whether, however, constant vertical errors of more than 40 cm can be attributed to the photogrammetric part remains doubtful, although there is no easy other explanation at hand. The assessment of the mean coordinate differences per strip (taken over all stations) between GPS positions and photogrammetric check values (like in Table 1) is here not carried any further. The variations against the constant shifts are now considerably smaller than in Table 1. They amount to magnitudes between +10 cm and -12 cm in L, resp. between +16 cm and -16 cm in C and still show some alternating effects, the causes of which must be in the GPS system. It could be effects of satellite constellations or related to the airborne GPS antenna. The z results are the same as of Table 1. They are particularly consistent, the mean differences per strip varying within *9 em and -9 cm. The analyses will be continued as soon as the other test flights will have been processed. 4. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS The results obtained so far can be summarized in a few statements: * The software succeeded to provide OTF ambiguity solutions in all cases, from all ground stations. * The restored trajectories still have some gaps, and they show some large systematic errors in parts of poor satellite constellations, especially in flight turns. Nevertheless, the trajectory parts of the photo-strips have been properly restored based on the antenna 2 recordings. * A warning has to be stated, that successful OTF ambiguity solutions still have to be checked on sufficient satellite geometry, before accepting the restored trajectory. * The direct comparison of photogrammetric camera air stations and their GPS positions showed considerable constant and other systematic errors which are related to the flight directions. The further analysis confirmed that a large part of the systematic errors relates to the aircraft sensor system. It means that with regard to absolute GPS positioning systematic discrepancies originating in the camera system have to be expected. Not really explained is a constant error in z of about 40 cm magnitude. * The check results show no dependency on the distance to the GPS ground receiver stations. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B6. Vienna 1996

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