Gesamtausgabe: Griechische Kulturgeschichte

Staehelin, Felix; Merian, Samuel; Burckhardt, Jacob

Bibliographic data

Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 1739065360

Author:: Burckhardt, Jacob

Title:: Gesamtausgabe

Year of publication:: 1929

Place of publication:: Leipzig

Publisher of the original:: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt

Identifier (digital):: 1739065360

Language:: German

Additional Notes:: Bände 1-14 erschienen von 1929-1934

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 1739160673

Author:: Burckhardt, Jacob

Title:: Griechische Kulturgeschichte

Scope:: XVI, 628 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1931

Place of publication:: Stuttgart; Berlin; Leipzig

Publisher of the original:: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt

Identifier (digital):: 1739160673

Signature of the source:: a 1466(11)

Language:: German

Additional Notes:: Gleichzeitig Band 11 des Gesamtwerks; Quellenangaben

Usage licence:: Public Domain Mark 1.0

Editor:: Staehelin, Felix; Merian, Samuel

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: History

Chapter

Title:: Neunter Abschnitt Der hellenische Mensch in seiner zeitlichen Entwicklung. [Einleitendes]

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

ISPRS WG 11/3, 11/6 Workshop "Multiple representation and interoperability of spatial data", Hanover, Germany, February 22-24, 2006 ISPRS WC 16 TOWARDS INTENSIONAL/ EXTENSIONAL INTEGRATION BETWEEN ONTOLOGIES Eleni Tomai Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation of Research and Technology - Hellas, P.O BOX 1529, 7110 Heraklion Crete etomai@iacm.forth.gr Commission II, WG II/6 KEY WORDS: Information Flow, Extension, Intension, Mappings, Ontologies, Tokens, Types ABSTRACT: This paper presents ongoing research in the field of extensional mappings between ontologies. Hitherto, the task of generating mapping between ontologies has been focused on the intensional level of ontologies. The term intensional level refers to the set of concepts that are included in an ontology. However, an ontology that has been created for a specific task or application needs to be populated with instances. These comprise the extensional level of an ontology. This particular level is being generally neglected during the ontologies’ integration procedure. Thus, although methodologies of geographic ontologies integration, ranging from alignment to true integration, have, in the course of years, presented a solid ground for information exchange, little has been done in exploring the relationships between the data. In this context, this research strives to set a framework for extensional mappings between ontologies using Information Flow. 1. INTRODUCTION A well-formed thematic or domain ontology should be able to provide answers to two types of questions: 1. What is a X? Or what it means to be X? Or can you define X? and 2. What is this? Or is this X? The first type of questions refers to a process that humans often call description, explanation or definition, respectively. This process results into the demarcation of the different concepts in the ontology, as well as their definitions. No reference is made at this point to how these concepts are included in the ontology in the first place. Furthermore, the process helps identify semantic relations from one part and semantic properties from the other part (as defined and explained in Kokla and Kavouras 2002, Tomai and Kavouras 2004), which can produce the hierarchical structure of the ontology. The second type of questions refers to the process of categorization; namely the process of assigning members to category. The process itself accounts for allocating the instances of each concept in the ontology. Therefore, a well-formed ontology should include both concepts that stand in some kinds of relationships among them, as well as instances of these concepts. The aforementioned procedures respectively refer to what linguistics define as: • Intension, what you must know in order to determine the reference of an expression. • Extension, the class of objects that an expression refers to (WordNet, 2003). Consequently, we can distinguish between the intensional level (the set of concepts) and extensional level (the concepts’ instances) of an ontology. The growing interest in ontologies among geoscientists along with the plethora of data for the geographic domain have revealed the need for a form of unified information and has set the path for ontologies integration. The issue, therefore, is how to integrate two or more geographic ontologies in order to produce a new one, which contains all the pieces of information, contained by the original ones, or at least how to generate mappings between different ontologies, so that users can switch between them, reaching to semantic interoperability. Bearing in mind that an ontology includes two distinct levels of elements (concepts and instances) that both provide ontological information, we present, herein, a methodology for utilizing those two in order to reach to integration. The methodology applies tenets from Information Flow Theory in order to perform integration of ontologies in two levels; intensional and extensional. The process of integration at this level aims at the analysis of definitions of the concepts, the extraction and statement of their semantic properties and relations and finally the revelation of heterogeneities that guide the establishment of the final/new schema. Thus far the majority of approaches to geographic ontologies integration have explored only the possibilities of integration at the intensional level. Herein, we explore the possibilities of adding the extensional level of the ontologies to the integration process. 2. INTEGRATING ONTOLOGIES; THE WAY SO FAR Thus far, several methodologies of ontology integration have been presented by scholars. According to the framework presented by Kavouras (2005) we can identify four types of integration: 1. Alignment 2. Partial compatibility 3. Unification 4. True integration In the case concepts of them. This a “translat concepts. Fi geographic i On the othe; of the comr ontology bi parts of the ones. Unification results into two ontolog distorted. True integn ontology, w. however it associate th< independent integration Concept An, The aforen intensional I the extensioi There has t generated be and Worboy ontologies instances, w the categor taxonomies prerequisite. The above-d regarding th information taxonomic si should be ad • Ide eqi • Ho int( The first qu instances of instances in identical cat because thes ontology anc given that tht inferring taxi on instances Integration ai how many c result. Howe an issue of instances the process can t

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