The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Cli - Day

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Persistent identifier:: 1913594513

Author:: Wangenheim, Ernst

Title:: Die Fabrikation der künstlichen und geformten Brennmaterialien, der sogenannten Pariser Kohlen, Paras, Briquettes, Kohlensteine und Kohlenziegel durch Vermengung, Zusammenpressung und theilweis auch Verkohlung von Holz-, Holzkohlen-, und Steinkohlenabfällen oder Gruskohlen u. s. w. mit Theer und anderen bindenden Substanzen in und um Paris, im französischen Loirebecken, in England und Belgien

Sub title:: für Berg- und Hüttenleute, Fabrikanten, Eisenbahnbeamte, Dampfschiffer, Landwirthe u. s. w. : mit 9 lithographirten Tafeln

Scope:: XIV, 135 Seiten, IX gefaltete Blätter

Info on language/writing:: In Fraktur

DOI:: 10.14463/KXP:1913594513

Year of publication:: 1862

Place of publication:: Weimar

Identifier (digital):: 1913594513

Illustration:: Illustrationen

Reihe:: Neuer Schauplatz der Künste und Handwerke (254. Band)

Signature of the source:: a 3726/1(254)/1862

Language:: German

Publisher of the original:: Verlag, Druck und Lithographie von B. F. Voigt

Usage licence:: Public Domain Mark 1.0

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2024

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Chemistry; Mining

Section

Title:: [Abbildungen]

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Section

Figure

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Figure

Manufae. ture in India, FOTTON Tanre IL—Zotal American Crops (in Bales) from 1826-27 to 1875-76 ‘ Stock in the Ports at com- 10&1'3. Total Cl'Op. mencement of TO(’[\] Sll]"pl)‘ Season, 1 1826-27 957,281 957,281 1827-28 720,593 720,593 1828-29 857,744 857,744 1829-30 976,845 ‘ 16,562 993,407 1830-31 1,038,847 20,898 1,059,745 1831-32 987,477 119,423 1,106,900 1832-33 1,070,438 41,599 1,112,087 1833-34 1,205,394 48,205 1,253,599 1834-35 1,254,328 29,617 1,283,945 1835-36 1,360,725 41,623 1,402,348 1836-37 1,425,575 43,341 1,468,916 1837-38 J 1,804,797 75,820 1,880,617 1838-39 1,363,403 40,305 1,403,708 1839-40 2,181,74) 52,244 2,233,993 1840-41 1,639,353 58,442 1,697,795 1841-42 1,688,675 82,068 1,770.743 1842-43 2,394,203 81,807 2,426,010 1843-44 2,108,579 94,486 2,203,065 1844-45 2,484,662 159,772 2,644,434 1845-46 2,170,537 04,126 2,264,663 1846-47 | 1,860,479 107,122 | 1,967,601 1847-48 | 2,434,113 214,837 2,638,950 1848-49 | 2,808,596 171,468 2,980,064 1849-60 | 2,171,706 154,753 2.326.459 PStock in the . . . ores at - Years, Total Crog, méf:cc}rrnccr{)rmof Total Supply. Season, 1850-51 2,415,257 167,930 2,583,187 1851-52 3,098,029 128,304 3,218,333 1852-53 3,352,882 91,176 3,444,058 1853-54 3,035,027 135,643 3,170,670 1854-55 2,932,339 135,603 3,067,942 1855-56 3,645,345 143,336 3,788,681 1856-57 3,056,519 64,171 3,120,690 1857-58 3,238,962 49,258 3,288,220 1858-59 3,994,481 102,926 4,097,407 1859-60 4,823,770 149,237 4,973,007 1860-61 3,826,086 227,708 4,053,794 1861-65 1865-66 2,314,476 248,125 2,662,601 1866-67 2,204,089 282,439 2,486,528 1867-68 2,498,895 80,216 2,579,111 1868-69 2,439,039 38,130 2,477,169 1869-70 3,154,946 12,343 3,167,289 1870-71 4,352,317 69,747 4,412,064 1871-72 2,974,351 104,814 3,079,165 1872-73 3,930,508 54,521 3,985,029 1873-74 4,170,388 90,989 4,261,377 1874-75 3,832,991 108,152 3,941,143 1875-76 4,669,388 66,009 4,735,347 LABLE IIL—Showing the Appropriation of the entire Crop of Cotton raised in America, __,____1_17\_%“””11‘[”'\- IN AVERAGE PERIODS OF FIVE YEARS, ,‘ PROPORTIONAL DISTRIBUTION. EXPOR Taken by e Taken by o American o Exrorr. .v\mcricnx)l Years. Spinners Total | Spi 'S ‘eac Great 2 Nortl Oiber: | 2l i | Deliveries. || ~ l | ST Yeass. Britan France. ’ No ‘yAl Jther | Total .\x.mh and f Great { Prance North ‘ Other "Total Northand ain. Europe, Ports, ’ . South, {| Britain.| """ g I-Jumpo.i Ports, =¢ | South, —_— i ———— T ! | o 1826-31,.] 556,663 | 163,822 | 42,37 762,859 | 5,042 |! 6 351 | 7 3 c 49-ol,.i 990,060¢ 9,042 2,074 762,850 | 122,183 | 885,042 | 6290 | 18°51 479 8620 | 13'80 | 1826~31 21_9p 202 RO 9 > S A o %k BT i g s = i r S Bl 18';:‘3(%{ “’fv‘(JJU 229,962 : 38,641 | 13,154 | 085,447 , 204,099 (1,189,546 || 59'16 | 19-33 | 3:25|1:10|82°84| 17:16 | 1831 -36 ap Q¢ 5 | o arl g LG ] ol AGA el S RTe A ; ¢ . = A %g ) i(l’”‘l 23};’0"{):‘ ;f{,])vlj y ;)1,11-3 | 99,376 1,401,604 | 268,080 |1,669,684 | 5894 [ 19:41 | 8:24|2°'36|83-95| 16°05 | 1836-.41 ~20ee1 1,529,900 | 049,203 | 97,509 | 94,380 (1,771,085 | 890,324 [2,161,409 | 5690 [ 1616 | 4'51 | 437 |81:94 | 18:06 | 1841 46 1846~5] 1,243 832 | 295 080 | 112.629 ' 29 007 4+ ’ _,', At o Sl bt DL 4 : .r X = “ i :. v U ¢ 4 o Ly 245, 4299,% 2,62¢ 29.007 2 548,583 (2,329,821 || 53" 2 ‘84 | 5°5¢ 3 2356 35 1851-56..[1.696.002 | 422546 | 138 asg | 1o o7 1,781,238 | 548,583 12,320,821 | 63-37 | 12:70 | 4'84 | 553 | 7644 | 2356 | 1846-51 1856 m--‘.),“; ‘»’-'L'; } _;,.)» 6 | .)x‘\“ 36 | 1.?‘>,,1,,«‘ 2,498,002 | 720,686 3,218,688 || 52'70 | 1313 | 586|591 | 7760 | 22:40 | 1851 -56‘| 1866:)0‘ ‘I’.S-:l vf_“ ! {:3,1‘&1 ‘ J}",»in: | 189,106 (2,953,251 } 826,825 3,780,076 || 6345 |12:78 | 6°89|5°00| 7812 | 21:88 1856-66 ]8‘()-1’”’1155':“1’3:‘)": | :,:,,2,,— 1‘,{’].”‘, | 63,034 [1,679,134 | 874,860 (2,553,994 || 4834 | 930 | 5'64|2:46|65:74 | 84:26 | 1866-70 187{5_’;6'3)')'1 »0J7,833 | 261,245 | 393,696 ; 113,172 (2,665,946 (1,183,543 ;:3,51'.',1‘*5’ 4930 | 679 1022|294 | 69:25 | 3075 1870-75 2 192 0.7 { 56 7 O 94¢ ¢ - L 0 E [ op 200 | ? —» s:. E ” b R 75-7 (Fyear) ‘“,031;’,11 | 456,872 | 498,249 | 217,162 3,252,994 1,362,389 ’1,1)];)y:,5;, ‘; 4508 | 9°90 | 10°80 | 4°70 | 7048 | 2952 {%]8;2111‘6 CorToN MANUFACTURE AND TRADE, The manufacture of cotton had its where the cotton c%xma.te renders a light and absorbent fabric a suitable clothing for the people, o established over every part of Asia, although it was only in | fabric was manufactured extensively with a | India that the View to foreign exchange, Arrian mentiong cotton cloth among the commodities | which ’ s broug i i ' _ the Romans brought from India ; but the quantity 1m 3 ) rae 1 : " [ ported by them was inconsiderable, from the preference | avnhcl'Ch tEhe) gave to woollen clothing, The difference between notu;n and moglern Indian imports appears to have arisen, . v rom any diversity in the nature of the goods produced n that country, : ! wants Shude riet, 3'}1{15 of the nations with which it has traded. l]mce:’lmplements used by the Indians in the different the ‘VSCSI Of Fhe cotton manufacture, from the cleaning of l)urc}:op 1to 1ts conversion into the finest muslin, mny‘ he g asec f_or the value of a few shillings, and are of so fude and simple ~ the loor With the exception of 1 n C S OTT AN L iaplays ’thom of them deserves the name of a machine, or : ¥ e slightest mechanical ingenuity, They spin Yarn upon the distaff; Which we in thi o : € In this country derive from machinery, we have origin in the East, | lant is indigenous, and where the | It has in consequence been long | and yet, with all the advantages | J' | | but from variety in the tastes or in the | J | | | | only recently been able to equal, either in fineness or quality, the yarn which is produced by means of this primitive instrument. The well-managed use of the finger and thumb of the Indian spinner, patiently and carefully applied in the formation of the thread, and the moisture at the same time communicated to it, are found to have the effect of incorporating the fibres of the cotton more perfectly than can be accomplished by our most improved machines, The loom is composed of a few sticks or reeds, which the Indian carries about with him, and puts up in the fields under the shade of a tree, or at the side of his cottage, He digs a hole large enough to contain his legs and the lower part of the ““ geer,” and fastens the balances to some convenient branch overhead, Two loops underneath the geer, in which he inserts bis great toes, serve as treadles; and he employs the shuttle, formed like a large netting needle, but of a length somewhat exceeding the breadth of the cloth, as ‘battoon,” using it alternately to draw through the weft and strike it up. The reed is the only part of the weaving apparatus which approaches, in the 2 | perfection of its construction, to the instruments we use. 4 construction as to be evidently the | in 10 £ . > 7 )/ 1€ nventien of a very early period, The loom has no beam, and the warp is laid out upon the ground the whole length of the piece of cloth, The weavers live entirely in villages, as they could not, if shut up in towns, work in this manner, It is probable that the whole of the implements which have just been described existed as we now find them before

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