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International cooperation and technology transfer

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fullscreen: International cooperation and technology transfer

Monograph

Persistent identifier:: 856489328

Author:: Mussio, Luigi

Title:: International cooperation and technology transfer

Sub title:: Parma, Italy, February 15 - 19, 1999, Bandung, Indonesia, April 13 - 14, 1999, Cotonou, Benin, December 6 - 10, 1999 ; proceedings of the workshops

Scope:: XXX, 398 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1999

Place of publication:: London

Publisher of the original:: RICS Books

Identifier (digital):: 856489328

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: THE TWOFOLD NATURE OF MEASUREMENT AS EMPIRICAL AND LINGUISTIC OPERATION. Luca Mari.

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

International cooperation and technology transfer
Cover
ColorChart
Title page
FOREWORD.
Table of Contents.
Compte-rendu of the WG VI/3. Mariano Cunietti Memorial Meeting in Parma. Mojca Kosmatin Fras, WG VI/3 Co - chairperson.
Compte - Rendu of the ISPRS WG VI/3. High Level Tutorial in Bandung. Fahmi Amhar, Tutorial Chairperson.
Compte-rendu of the Wg VI/3. Luigi Solaini 10th Anniversary. Memorial Meeting in Cotonou. Luigi Mussio, WG VI/3 Chairperson.
Opening.
Closure.
Welcome addresses.
Opening.
Closure.
PADUA, BAHIA BLANCA, PERUGIA, PARMA, BANDUNG AND COTONOU, MEETING - LIST OF PARTICIPANTS.
ISPRS WG VI/3 - LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS.
VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) APPLIED TO ENVIRONMENT REPRESENTATIONS: SOME EXAMPLES AT UNIVERSITY OF PADUA (ITALY). V. Achilli, F. Barison, A. Vettore.
SURVEYING METHODOLOGIES IN THE PHLEGREAN VOLCANIC DISTRICT (NAPLES - ITALY). Achilli V., Borgstrom S., Capone M., Del Gaudio C., De Martino P., Klees R., Ricciardi G. P., Ricco C., Sepe V., Usai S., Vettore A.
Integration of GPS and Conventional Surveying For Positioning of The Mobile Phone Antennae in A Local System. Al-Bayari O., Barbarella M., Fazio C..
The Spacewise Approach to the Data Treatment for the SAGE Mission Project. A. Albertella, F. Migliaccio, F. Sansó.
DATA AND METADATA A NEW CONCEPT IN ARCHIVING ARCHITECTURAL DATA. Elena ALBERY, Fulvio RINAUDO.
NOTES ABOUT TOPOGRAPHIC AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYING FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE DOME BEARING VERTICAL WALLS IN S. MARIA DEL FIORE CATHEDRAL OF FLORENCE. P. Aminti, I. Chiaverini, D. Ostuni.
NEW SURVEY OF MORIMONDO ABBEY. Bruno Astori, Luca Rinaldi, Grazia Tucci.
SARNO (ITALY) LANDSLIDES: DIFFERENT METHODOLOGIES OF DATA ACQUISITION. M. Barbarella, M. Fiani.
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND LASER RANGE CAMERA FOR PHYSIC MODEL GEOMETRY DETERMINATION. M. Barbarella, A. Vettore.
SAMPLING AND VARIANCE ANALYSIS IN REGGIO CALABRIA. Vincenzo Barrile and Rossella Nocera.
GEOID ESTIMATION THROUGH GPS OBSERVATIONS. R. Barzaghi, A. Borghi.
DATA PROCESSING VERSUS GEOMATICS. T. Bellone, L. Mussio, C. Nardinocchi.
PERTINENCE DE L'OFFRE DE FORMATION DU GDTA A' L'INTERNATIONAL. Jean-Luc BESSIS.
THE ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRICAL EXPERIENCES IN GREECE AND MIDDLE ASIA. Giorgio Bezoari.
PROCEDURES OPTIMISATION IN THE QUALITY SYSTEM. G. Bezoari, F. Guzzetti.
CARTOGRAPHY FOR TOWN PLANNING. Giorgio Bezoari, Attilio Selvini.
INDEXING TREE METHODS AND SPATIAL ORDERING FOR MAPS AND GEOGRAPHIC DATA: AN OVERVIEW AND APPLICATION TO THE GEODETIC GIS PROJECT. L. Biagi, M. A. Brovelli, M. Negretti and C. Saldarini.
GIS/WEB DESIGN FOR INTERNET/INTRANET DATA SHARING. Piero BOCCARDO, Giuliano COMOGLIO, Nadia CORGIAT LOIA.
SURFACE SPATIAL ANALYSIS IN ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY: DIGITAL AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES. Raffaella BOLOGNA, Maurizio MINCHILLI.
VERY LARGE SCALE MAPPING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN CERVETERI (ITALY): DATA COLLECTION FROM DIGITAL AUTOMATIC D.T.M., ORTHOPROJECTION AND ANALYTICAL STEREOPLOTTING. Raffaella BOLOGNA, Maurizio MINCHILLI.
DES COMPOSANTS LOGICIELS GEOGRAPHIQUES POUR ELARGIR ET DEMOCRATISER L'ACCES A LA TECHNOLOGIE ETA L’INFORMATION GEOGRAPHIQUE. SPATIAL SOFTWARE COMPONENTS FOR WIDENING AND DEMOCRATIZING ACCESS TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY. Patrice BOURSIER, Michel EBOUEYA, Arunas STOCKUS, Alain BOUJU, Frédéric BERTRAND.
VALIDATION OF AN ANCIENT PERSPECTIVE IN LECCO (ITALY). PIETRO BROGLIA, EVA SAVINA MALINVERNI, LUIGI MUSSIO.
THE USE OF SPATIAL-ORIENTED DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS) FOR ITALGEO GEOID MANAGEMENT BY GIS. M. A. Brovelli, F. Migliaccio and V. Tornatore.
COMPARISON BETWEEN PHOTOGRAMMETRICAL SURVEYS OF THE ST.STEFANO CHURCH'S CLOISTER IN BOLOGNA AND METRICS EVALUATIONS OF THE OPERATIONS OF RESTORATION. A. Capra, S. Gandolfi, G. Lombardi, A. Zanutta.
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS IN DIGITAL IMAGES PLOTTING. M. Caprioli, P. De Fazio.
GVM - GAC PROCESSING CHAIN : A REMOTE SENSING TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS AT CONTINENTAL LEVEL. C. Carmona-Moreno, M. Turchini, M. F. Cruz Martinez, J. Baron, J. Lopez Raya José, A. Moreno Ruiz.
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER GAIA: global astrometry from space at 10 [...] level. D. Cardio, B. Bucciarelli, M. Gai, M. G. Lattanzi and S. Cesare.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A LEVELLING NETWORK FOR THE MONITORING OF POSSIBLE VERTICAL MOVEMENTS IN THE AREA OF PISA - SAN GIULIANO TERME PONTASSERCHIO-MIGLIARINO PISANO (ITALY). G. Caroti, E. Mengali, A. Rossi, C. Scalese.
ESTIMATING MEASUREMENT PRECISION BY MEANS OF MEASUREMENT DIFFERENCES. V. Casella.
AUTOMATIC FOREST AREA RECOGNITION USING GIS IMAGE ANALYSIS CAPABILITY. Marco Ciolli, Paolo Zatelli.
NEW APPROACH TO THE ESTIMATION OF SNOWPACK ESTENSION VIA REMOTE SENSING. Alessandra Colombo, Giovanmaria Leoni.
CULTURAL HERITAGE WEB SITES: THE SUPPORT OF GEOMATICS. Luigi Colombo.
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING 3D SHAPES MOTION BY A FREQUENCY DOMAIN TECHNIQUE. G. M. Cortelazzo, A. Guamieri, A. Vettore.
LA FORMATION AU C.R.T.O. A. Coulibaly.
A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE VARIANCE-COVARIANCE ESTIMATION OF GPS BASELINE VECTORS. N. Crocetto, M. Gatti, C. Materazzo, L. Toscano.
INTERFEROMETRIC SAR CALIBRATION. M. Crosetto, B. Crippa.
OPTIMISATION DES DATES D'ACQUISITION DES IMAGES TELEDECTION EN ZONE SOUDANO-GUINEENNE POUR UN SUIVI DES ECOSYSTEMES. Cheick Hamala DIAKITE.
FIELD TESTS ON DGPS USING OMNISTAR CORRECTION. D. Dominici, M. L. Pecetti, F. Radicioni, A. Stoppini.
CONTROL DIRECTIONS FOR THE CALIBRATION OF TERRESTRIAL NON-METRIC CAMERAS. Gabriele Fangi.
EXPERIENCES OF VIRTUAL REALITY. G. Fangi, G. Gagliardini.
THE GRID METHOD, A SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE LENSE RADIAL DISTORTION. G. Fangi, Carla Nardinocchi.
DEM'S COMPARISON FOR THE EVALUATION OF LANDSLIDE VOLUME. M. Fiani, S. Troisi.
AUTOMATIC DEM GENERATION IN QUARRIES. Gianfranco FORLANI, Livio PINTO.
STATIC CONTROL OF PALAZZO DELLA RAGIONE IN PADUA. Alberto Giussani, Giorgio Vassena.
Conditions préalables au fonctionnement efficace et durable d'un SIG à base de télédétection. Claus-Peter Gross.
PROCEDURES OF CORRECTION OF THE GEOMETRY DISTORSIONS FOR DIGITAL IMAGES. A. Guarnieri, A. Vettore.
GEOPLANTRANSF: A SOFTWARE FOR THE GEOREFERENCING OF DIGITAL IMAGES BY USING PLANE TRASFORMATIONS. Francesco Guerra, Caterina Balletti, Davide Miniutti.
LA DECADENCE EN PRODUCTION CARTOGRAPHIQUE EN AFRIQUE: CAUSES ET THERAPIES DE REDEMARRAGE. A. L. Gueye, B. F. Agbo, P. M. Kibora.
GEOMATICS EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: THE CURRENT DRIVES. A. L. Gueye, O. Aguda.
DE LA TOPOGRAPHIE CONVENTIONNELLE VERS LA GEOMATIQUE: UNE EVOLUTION TECHNOLOGIQUE DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT TECHNIQUE DANS LE SYSTEME EDUCATIF CAMEROUNAIS. HAPPI MANGOUA FREDERIC.
INTERNET-ATLAS OF NATURAL AND AGRONOMIC RESOURCES IN NIGER AND BENIN - A TOOL FOR PRESENTATION AND EXCHANGE OF SPATIAL DATA - . L. Herrmann, K. Vennemann, K. Stahr.
Mapping from Space. Gottfried Konecny.
CONTEMPORARY METRICAL DOCUMENTATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ARCHITECTURE. Mojca Kosmatin Fras.
Acquisition of Topographic Data by Laser Scanning and Digital Photogrammetry. Karl Kraus.
The GeoMed Project: GIS and Spatial/Temporal Statistics in Public Health. Andy Long, Mark Wilson, Geoff Jacquez, Leah Estberg.
GPS and GLONASS in Italy. Giorgio Manzoni.
GEOMATICS EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN BOTSWANA. L. Maphale, M. B. Manisa, B. Nkwae, C. Ezigbalike.
THE TWOFOLD NATURE OF MEASUREMENT AS EMPIRICAL AND LINGUISTIC OPERATION. Luca Mari.
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT: A SURVEY. Luca Mari.
A RECTIFICATION OF DIGITAL IMAGES OBTAINED FROM AN ANALOGICAL VIDEORECORDING. Patrizia Midulla.
GENE FUCTIONAL MAPPING. Luciano Milanesi, Raffaella Rizzi.
THE APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN AFRICA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES. MLENGE FANUEL MGENDI.
GIS: TEACHING EXPERIENCE IN THE COURSE AT DIIAR POLITECNICO OF MILAN. Carlo MONTI, Raffaella BRUMANA, Luigi FREGONESE.
GIS TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT SURVEY DATA AND MANAGEMENT OF DIFFERENT QUARRY TYPOLOGIES. Carlo MONTI, Raffaella BRUMANA, Luigi FREGONESE, Giorgio Vassena.
LA FORMATION ET LA RECHERCHE AU CENTRE NATIONAL DES TECHNIQUES SPATIALES. A. OUSSEDIK, M. A. TRACHE.
GEOID BEHAVIOUR IN THE BAHIA BLANCA AREA. Raúl Perdomo y Daniel Del Cogliano, Nilda Di Croché, Esteban Napal, Beatriz Aldalur, Ana María De Aduriz, Pablo Napal, Nora Plana, Irene Pintos, Miguel Angel Martínez, Santiago Rosso.
GEOID MODELLING IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF THE BUENOS AIRES PROVINCE. Raúl Perdomo, Daniel Del Cogliano, Nilda Di Croche, Esteban Napal, Beatriz Aldalur, Pablo Napal, Irene Pintos.
SATELLITAL IMAGING, INFORMATION SUPPORT OF A PROVINCIAL CARTOGRAPHIC PROJECT. E. QÜESTA, R. YANICELLI, V. FARES, L. LUNA, E. GOLDAR, D. SANDEZ, C. ISORNI, W. COSTA, E. TONELLI.
FORMATION ET PROJETS EN GEOMATIQUE MIS EN PLACE PAR L'ASSOCIATION POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DE L'INFORMATION ENVIRONNEMENTALE (ADIE) EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE. Ralph Ridder, Brice Montfraix, Stéphane Lombardo.
CONSTRUCTION OF BASIC DIGITAL MAP FOR CITY GIS BY STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC APPROACH. B. Ruzgiene.
SAGE: AN ITALIAN PROJECT OF SATELLITE ACCELEROMETRY. F. Sanso, A. Albertella, G. Bianco, A. Della Torre, M. Fermi, V. lafolla, A. Lenti, F. Migliaccio, A. Milani, A. Rossi.
THE TEACHING OF REMOTE SENSING IN SOUTH AMERICA. Tania Maria Sausen.
CROP GROWTH MODELLING IN MALI BASED ON ERS SCATTEROMETER INFORMATION. Pierre C. Sibiry Traoré, Mamadou D. Doumbia, Salifou Sissoko, Abderamane Yoroté, Wolfgang Wagner, Klaus Scipal, Anne Gobin, Paul Campling, Erik Nobbe, Rob Beck.
TER LOW COST SMALL SATELLITES FOR EARTH OBSERVATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Martin Sweeting, Wei Sun.
MAPPING OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION BY REMOTE SENSING AT THE ACOCULCO CALDERA, PUEBLA, MEXICO. VICENTE TORRES RODRÍGUEZ & GABRIEL ORIGEL GUTIÉRREZ.
ISSUES AND APPROACHES IN MAPPING THE IMPACTS OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICA (WITH TEST CASE FROM KITWE MINE, ZAMBIA). Tsehaie Woldai, Daniel Limptlaw.
POTENTIAL FOR COMPUTER ASSISTED DISTANCE LEARNING IN ZAMBIA: WHAT ARE THE CONSTRAINTS AND THE WAY FORWARD. Paul Zambezi.
Appendix: Authors and Co-authors Index.
Cover

Full text

RATION 
nguistic worlds, the 
that measurement 
: has been of main 
him, I know how 
I the Measurement 
e inter-disciplinary 
isseminate the new 
ave been able to 
he invited experts. 
the Measurement 
»logical foundations 
)ressed in terms of 
twofold nature of 
c operation". 
omplex, and it is 
meral outlook of it. 
in current problem 
y” of the bridge set 
anguage by means 
LD ... 
mmon practice of 
ng objectivism. Its 
(«the universe is 
>) and Kepler («the 
d ultimately the 
lich our knowledge 
since without it we 
(the metrological 
d in more detail in 
ue value" of each 
ach operation of 
re in maintaining a 
oomes manifest in 
I data", is deemed 
I ISO International 
in metrology (ISO, 
>f true value is in 
iplicitly establishes 
the objectivity of this standpoint upon such an 
embarrassing layer of idealism. 
In other terms, this standpoint does not recognize, or 
minimize, the role of language, assumed as a plain means 
to express the empirically acquired knowledge. Mother 
Nature speaks mathematics, that is therefore the elective 
language for anyone interested in understanding her. The 
only problem would be that she is somehow shy and 
diffident. But measurement experts are skilled in let her 
speak! 
4.... AND LANGUAGE 
It is a well-known fact that physics is, or at least has been, 
considered the methodological paradigm of any science. 
An essential part of this assumption derives from its ability 
to express the available information in quantitative form. 
In the first decades of the XIX century numbers kept to 
pervade any science (for example, in 1832 C.Babbage 
suggested to list “the constants of nature and arts” in a 
book aimed at «gathering all the facts that can be 
expressed by numbers in the sciences and the arts». His 
list included nineteen “kinds of constants”, ranging from 
the constants of the solar system and the atomic weights 
to number of the books in the libraries and of the students 
in the universities. In commenting the contents of this list, 
I.Hacking has noted that «the most universal among the 
constants of the XX century, the speed of light, was 
included in the same section with the speed of several 
species of birds» (Hacking, 1990)). 
Surely numbers can be obtained by means of subjective 
criteria, by “estimation”, “guess”, “experience”, ... But 
when their objectivity is a goal, physicists had taught: 
apply measurement! It is no amazing that, since then, also 
“behavioral and social” scientists tried to measure and, as 
a consequence, started to call “measurement results” their 
numbers. But what marks the distinction between, for 
example, “estimation” and “measurement”? Surely the 
reason cannot be so extrinsic as the fact that numbers are 
used to represent the available information. 
It is plausible that physicists would have been answering: 
the adoption, within the measuring system, of sensors 
whose functionality is independent of the human operator. 
On the other hand, with this kind of answer, only very 
specific quantities would be “measurable” in the context of 
behavioral and social sciences. 
From the tentative of finding a sound position for this 
issue the so-called “measurement theory” arose. Such a 
theory, usually designated as “representational approach" 
(Krantz et al., 1971), has been explicitly the outcome of 
the work of behavioral and social scientists (Roberts, 
1979). Physicists and engineers simply did not need a 
theory for that operation that the neo-positivistic 
philosophy was identifying as the “protocol of truth”, i.e. 
able to produce true results “by definition” (and 
accordingly physical measurement has originated 
foundational issues only in quantum theories, in which 
such a truth is challenged by the Heisenberg principle). 
The best, and most extreme, synthesis of the 
representational approach comes perhaps from one of its 
original proposers (who also introduced the formal 
concept of scale type), S.Stevens: «measurement is the 
assignment of numbers to objects or events according to 
rule, any rule» (Stevens, 1959). 
An example, taken in its essence from (Roberts, 1979). A 
human subject prefers Mozart to Bach, and Mahler to 
Mozart. If he assigns the labels 3, 2, and 1 to Mahler, 
Mozart, and Bach respectively, then this assignment is a 
measurement, since it has been performed according to 
the rule of ordering preservation, a condition that is 
formally characterized in terms of homomorphisms. On 
the other hand, it is manifest that the empirical component 
of such a condition is immaterial: it defines a guideline to 
produce linguistic evaluations that are consistent with an 
information body that in principle could be wholly 
subjective. 
Would the Lord Kelvin famous assertion, «when you can 
measure what you are speaking about, and express it in 
numbers, you know something about it; otherwise your 
knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind», be 
relevant even in such cases? 
5. A PROBLEM IN EPISTEMOLOGICAL 
FOUNDATIONS OF MEASUREMENT 
Formal theories are particularly attractive. Lacking an 
alternative theory of measurement, also physicists kept to 
support the representational approach. The price that has 
been paid is that they are now supporting a theory that 
substantially neglects the role of the measuring systems 
and the related issues of calibration, standard reference 
identification, traceability. Therefore this support remains 
extrinsic, often for presentational and didactic purposes 
only. 
As an indicator of this situation, one of the main issues in 
measurement (according to the “physical viewpoint”, of 
course ...) such as uncertainty is only marginally 
considered in representational texts, and inversely the 
literature about uncertainty rarely deals it in 
representational terms (for example the ISO Guide to the 
expression of uncertainty in measurement (ISO, 1993b) 
completely ignores it). 
The situation is somehow schizophrenic. While everyone 
recognizes to measurement the role of bridge between 
the empirical and the linguistic worlds, natural scientists 
and engineers are focused almost exclusively on the 
empirical component, and behavioral and social scientists 
almost exclusively on the linguistic component. 
Does this mean that in reality two (or more ...) distinct 
concepts of measurement exist? In either case, I see this 
as the most fundamental issue which theoretical 
metrology is now facing. If a suggestion can be made 
here, I believe that a synthesis will be found at the 
semiotic level, in the comprehensive context of 
information sciences. Signals in this sense come from the 
wide attention currently paid to topics such as the 
semantic information conveyed by the measurement and 
the so-called intelligent measuring systems (the author is 
presented in Mari, 1999). 
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