International cooperation and technology transfer

Fras, Mojca Kosmatin

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Persistent identifier:: 856490555

Author:: Fras, Mojca Kosmatin

Title:: International cooperation and technology transfer

Sub title:: Ljubljana, Slovenia, February 2 - 5, 2000 : proceedings of the workshop

Scope:: VI, 163 Seiten

Year of publication:: 2000

Place of publication:: London

Publisher of the original:: RICS Books

Identifier (digital):: 856490555

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: Analytical methods and new tecnologies for geometrical analysis and geo-referenced visualisation of Historical Maps. Caterina Balletti, Francesco Guerra, Carlo Monti

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Analytical methods and new tecnologies for geometrical analysis and geo-referenced visualisation of Historical Maps Caterina Balletti, Francesco Guerra, Carlo Monti DIIAR Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica, Ambientale e del Rilevamento Sezione Rilevamento - Politecnico di Milano P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32 - 20133 Milano ISPRS - WG VI/3 - WG IV/3 KEY WORDS: historical cartography - plane transformations - geometrical analysis - geo-referecing - software ABSTRACT The need and desire to produce instruments for the understanding and fruition of the historic cartography are born from these considerations: the understanding of the contents of the old maps is undoubtedly difficult just because, on one hand, it assumes that there is an understanding of general cartography; on the other, a knowledge of the interpretative codes from the time period and the atmosphere of their production. The result made be a difficulty in their reading on the part of the general public both of the geometric content and the semantic content. The fundamental idea is that of allowing anybody to extract information from the historic cartography, rendering more transparent the complex yet necessary operations of geo-referencing. The preliminary remark is to recover the metrical content in historical maps (particularly perspective views of towns of XV-XVI century) using analyses which lead to a definition of a methodology for the quantitative analysis of historical cartography. This implies to use procedures that treat of global and local transformations. The plane transformations allow for the deformation of a map in a way which makes them assume the metric and geometric content of another reference map. This leads to the manipulation of the map being studied which consequently is subjected to warping, at times so great as to totally distort the original aspect. The price to pay for making a historic map metric according to modern parameters is that of losing some of the semantic content of the map itself. This situation is acceptable if it is then used for didactic and research purposes, but not if the map is being used by someone who wants to reads the map in its original form. How can we join the desire to extract geometric information from a historical map while always maintaining the original aspect? The computer and the “infographic" come to help us: the solution is that of using software capable of putting in correspondence bi-univocal and visualising, interactively and in real time, a current numerical map of reference and a digital image of the historical map. The 2W software presented in this paper responds to these characteristics. For years, the historic cartography has been a subject of study by the historians and therefore, it has been considered as an archive document, a testimony of a certain period in the history of a territory, of a city. The study initiated and proposed in this paper faces, rather, the historic cartography according to an approach which is typical of the current cartography: extract territorial information which has been spatially referenced. The historic cartography is surely a field in which the questions relating to the referencing assume great interest. It presents some common characteristics such as: • a non definite reference system, • an approximate projected system, • an uncertain metric content, • semantic content difficult to interpret. Such characteristics in the maps and charts from varying eras are found in greater or lesser measures, and consequently, it is necessary to make specific considerations when faced with each and every individual map. The fact remains that, in general, the assigning of a correct metric support is very important for the use in cartography, not only as a document for the archives, that is, of a qualitative nature, but a true cartography from which to extract quantitative information. An idea that must guide and propel in this direction is that it is important to keep in mind that these charts have been created as charts, that is, with an operative and practical purpose, and that they were used as such. Perhaps the concept of metrics has changed, or more simply, the acceptable accuracy threshold has changed over the years. A case study: Jacopo de' Barbari and the City of Venice in 1500 The study presented has concentrated primarily one the perspective views, which, if on the on hand, these have the advantage of being easily understandable in so far as the perspective is among the methods of representation which is most widespread, on the other hand, it is in fact, not measurable, if not by resorting to tricks which implicate a deep understanding of the descriptive geometry. The choice to use the perspective views of Venice by Jacopo de’ Barbari was motivated not only by celebratory reasons (in the year 2000 it will be 500 years from the first year of the publication of the map), but especially for the geometric and cartographic characteristics of this map that represents the most exciting example of the new method of representation of the city based on perspectives. For the actual reference cartography for referencing, the photoplane of Venice was chosen. The main problem was to understand whether the perspective construction of the work was quite rigorous, based on existing plans and charts, or whether it had been produced by a preliminary survey campaign, and in this case, which instruments and methods had been used.

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