International cooperation and technology transfer

Fras, Mojca Kosmatin

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Persistent identifier:: 856490555

Author:: Fras, Mojca Kosmatin

Title:: International cooperation and technology transfer

Sub title:: Ljubljana, Slovenia, February 2 - 5, 2000 : proceedings of the workshop

Scope:: VI, 163 Seiten

Year of publication:: 2000

Place of publication:: London

Publisher of the original:: RICS Books

Identifier (digital):: 856490555

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: NATIONAL AND MODERN GEODETIC COORDINATE SYSTEMS IN SLOVENIA. Bojan Stopar, Miran Kuhar

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

150 The first two solutions are relative geoids, while the third solution is absolute one. For the absolute orientation almost 90 GPS stations were used. Orthometric heights of these points were determined by geometric levelling. Figure 2 shows the latest solution from 1999. The influence of of the actual relief of the Earth's surface on the geoid forms is clearly visible on the figure; see for instance its raising under the Alps or its decline in the Adriatic sea. The Figure 2: Astrogeodetic geoid in Slovenia (solution from 1999) Speaking about the geoid we would like to outline some major facts about the situation of gravimetry in Slovenia Till 1991 the most work on gravimetry was in the competency of the Military Geographic Institute (MG1) in Belgrade. Gravimetric surveys for the establishment of network were performed by MGI and the Geological Survey of Slovenia. For the last ten years they had no activities beacuse of out-of-date equipment and no interest. In 1991 the situation in gravimetry in Slovenia was as followed: about 50 gravity points with unhomogenous disposition and rather low accuracy. Since 1995 Surveying and Mapping Authority of Republic of Slovenia (SMARS) put a lot of efforts in revitalizing gravimetric activités in Slovenia. In 1997 SMARS prepared a project of absolute gravity measurements in Slovenia. The project of absolute gravity measurements in Slovenia was organized by the International Gravity Commission, Slovenian Union of Geodesy and Geophysics and Surveying and Mapping Authority of Republic of Slovenia. Six stations were stabilized: castle Bogensperk near town Litija, Gotenica near town Ribnica, church Sv. Areh on mountain Pohorje, castle Sevniski grad near town Sevnica, castle Socerb near Koper and fortress Kluze near Bovec. Because of the rather bad situation of the gravity investigations in Slovenia, activités in this field should be started from the begining. The network of absolute gravity points will be the base for the further development of gravity network. There are plans of establishment of a new fundamental gravity network for the whole country. SLOVENIA AND EUREF The development of a new reference coordinate system in Slovenia that should comply all the needs of the contemporary geodesy regarding state and unified European coordinate maximum varitation of the calculated geoid heights is 5.7m (Figure 2) For the time being there is no local gravimetric solution for the geoid. But, gravity anomalies from territory of Slovenia were used in the computation of European Gravimetric Geoid 1997 (EGG97), (Denker et al., 1997). Figure 3 shows the differences between gravimetric geoid and aforementioned astrogeodetic solution (gravimetric undulations were transformed to Slovenian height system). Figure 3: Differences between astrogeodetic solution and EGG97 system, started with the connection of the first order horizontal network of Slovenia with the EUREF. This connection is based on GPS observation campaigns performed in 1994 and 1995. Both campaigns were performed with the substantial contribution of the Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie, Frankfurt (now Bundesamt für Kartographie and Geodäsie) to the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia. The EUREF-CRO-SLOV '94 GPS observation campaign was performed at 8 first order points (among theese were 5 points choosen as "real" EUREF points) during the 5 days of permanent GPS observations. The results were published in 1995 (Altineret al., 1998). The purpose of the second EUREF campaign at the territory of Slovenia, under the name SLOVENIA '95 Campaign, was to density the existing EUREF points at the territory of Slovenia. Slovenia is placed in tectonical and seismological active part of Europe and Surveying and Mapping Authority of Slovenia wanted to connect the project of the establishment of new reference coordinate system with the monitoring the strain accumulation in south-eastern part of the Alps region and in the northern part of the Adriatic Plate. The second observation campaign in 1995 was performed at all 34 (35) first order points, at 2 stations of the triangulation base lines network (Bukovec and Radovljica) included in the first order network; at 1 second order point, and at 12 geodynamic points. GPS observation were carried out for six days, in two blocks with 3 day of 24 hours of observations each. The final coordinates of the Slovenia '95 Campaign are given in the ITRF93 epoch 1995.7, respectively in the ETRS 89 epoch 1989.0. Unweighted RMS values with respect to the combined solutions are 2 mm in north direction, 2 mm in east direction and 6 mm in height direction. At the moment became availble also the common solution of the three GPS observation Campaign performed at the territory of Slovenia and the surrounding area (Y. Altiner et al., 1998). Namely in 1996 there was another GPS observation campaign CROREF-CRODYN '96, with the duration of 15

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