Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

damen, m. c. j.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856641294

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: IX Seiten, Seiten 551-956

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A,. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856641294

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,2)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Editor:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission of Photographic and Remote Sensing Data

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 6 Hydrology: Surface water, oceanography, coastal zone, ice and snow. Chairman: K. A. Ulbricht, Co-chairman: Mikio Takagi, Liaison: R. Spanhoff

Write comment:: Wegen zu enger Bindung kommt es teilweise im Original zu Textverlust.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Determination of spectral signatures of natural water by optical airborne and shipbome instruments. D. Spitzer & M. R. Wernand

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Symposium on Remote Sensing for Resources Development and Environmental Management / Enschede / August 1986 Determination of spectral signatures of natural water by optical airborne and shipbome instruments D.Spitzer & M.R.Wemand Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel ABSTRACT: Interpretation of remote sensing imagery of watermasses requires knowledge on the spectral absorption and backscattering coefficients of the suspended and dissolved materials. Spectral (ir)radiance measurements are to be performed in order to determine the temporally and locally dependent signatures of diverse watertypes. Underwater, airborne and portable instruments ASIR (Advanced Spectral Irradiance- meter), CORSAIR (Coastal Optical Remote Sensing Airborne Radiometer) and PFC (Portable Four Channel radio meter) were developed, calibrated, tested and applied for numerous measurements in and above various coastal and oceanic watertypes. Large sets of data, both optical and seatruth, were obtained particularly during the IMERSE (Indonesian Marine Environment Remote Sensing Experiments) - Snellius II campaign. RESUME: L'interpretation des images, obtenues par la télédétection exige une connaissance des spectres d'absorption et de rétrodiffusion des matières suspendues et dissoutes. Des mesures de l'éclairement doivent être réalisées afin de déterminer les signatures, variables en temps et localité, des masses d'eau diverses. Des instruments aquatiques, aériens et portatifs ASIR (Advanced Spectral Irradiancemeter), CORSAIR (Coastal Optical Remote Sensing Airborne Radiometer) et PFC (Portable Four Channel radiometer) ont été développés, calibrés, testés et appliqués pour un grand nombre de mesures dans et au-dessus des diverses masses d'eau côtières et pélagiques. De grands ensembles de données, optiques ainsi que les concentrations des matières optico-actives, ont été obtenus, en particulier pendant l'IMERSE (Indonesian Marine Environment Remote Sensing Experiments) - Snellius II campagne. 1 INTRODUCTION Investigation and experiments in the past decade have demonstrated applicability of the remote optical measurements for the study and monitoring of the distribution of the materials suspended and dissolved in the seawater. Diverse theoretical models, (semi)empirical approaches and statistical methods provide different algorithms for the retrieval of the concentrations of the phyto plankton and other suspended materials and of the dissolved organic matter. This is not surprising, considering the diversity of the aquatic conditions, algal populations and atmospheric and environmental influences. Since no general spectral behaviour of the substances suspended and dissolved in the sea water can be expected and predicted, the problem of the radiative transfer in and above water is not generally analytically solvable and thus no universal algorithms can exist. Despite this, the optical remote sensing of the oceanic and coastal processes can supply striking results if supported by the bio-chemical and optical in situ, measurements (sea truth) combined with the knowledge of the oceanography of the sensed region. Instruments must be employed specifically designed for the optical measurements in and above the waterbodies. Measuring conditions and specific objectives of the research determine spectral, spatial and time resolution of such instruments and data acquisition systems. 2 INSTRUMENTS For the interpretation and correction purposes of satellite imagery, special requirements are put on the in situ measuring procedures. Design and application of the underwater and of the abovewater (low altitude) instruments substantially differ. 2.1 Underwater measurements The investigations on the spectral properties (i.e. the absorption and scattering signatures) of natural waters, resulting into establishment of the relationships between the upwelling optical signals and the composition of the watercolumn, so called "colour algorithms", are preferably to be performed near surface underwater. Doing this, no influence of the surface reflection (glitter) and of the atmosphere is accounted, though experimental con strains are introduced by wave motion. Optimal depth of the measurements must be chosen, depending on the seastate, possible stratification of the watercolumn and on the solar conditions. Both, up- welling and downwelling spectral irradiance must be measured in real time, giving then the quasi- inherent reflectance. The spectral behaviour of the reflectance depends on the composition of the sea water (sea truth). Inversly, the absorption and scattering signatures and hence the concentrations of the suspended and dissolved materials can be derived from the reflectance. Short duration of a spectral scan is crucial, with respect to the horizontal and vertical instability of the watermass and to the variability of the incident solar radiation. The developed Advanced Spectral Irradiancemeter (ASIR) can scan simultaneously 22 spectral channels between 400 nm and 720 nm within several seconds. Spectral bandwidth of each channel is within 10 nm. Radiation is collected by two cosine diffusers at each side (up and down) of the instrument mounted in gimbals. The upwelling and downwelling irradiance is simultaneously detected and recorded on board by means of an HP data acquisition and storage system controlled by microcomputer. Variations of the incident solar radiation are recorded by a separate instrument mounted at the top of the mea suring platform (vessel). Irradiance depth profiles,

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